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E M P I R E—O F—C H I N A— | —L I A N G—D Y N A S T Y
.
中—华—帝—国— | —梁—朝
.

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家 Home | 百科全书 Encyclopedia | ‌政府 Government | 军队 Military | 经济 Economy | ‌人口统计 Demographics | 外交 Diplomacy

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T H E—I M P E R I A L—C H I N A—A R M E D—F O R C E S
.
中—国—武—装—部—队
.

Imperial Armed Forces

The Imperial China Armed Forces (ICAF; Chinese: 中国皇武装部队; Pinyin: Zhōngguó huáng wǔzhuāng bùduì) is the armed forces of the Empire of China. The ICAF was founded on 6 May 1776 in the form of the New Imperial Army and has developed constantly throughout history. The ICAF consists of four professional service branches: the Imperial China Army, the Imperial China Navy, the Imperial China Air Force, and the Imperial China Marine Corp each of which has several sub-branches. The ICAF has seen numerous conflicts in its 244 years and is one of the oldest military forces on the planet. The commander-in-chief of the ICAF is the Emperor of China, currently, Yuzhi Emperor, who all service members pledge allegiance to. The Ministry of Defence oversees the management of the ICAF and is directed by the Minister of Defence. The main paramilitary group of China is the People's Armed Police (PAP).

The Imperial China Armed Forces are one of the largest militaries in terms of the number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a large pool of paid volunteers. The Ministry of Defence retains the power to conscript males and requires that all citizens and residents residing in the Empire of China between the ages of 20–25 to register. As of 2018, Imperial China spends about US$427.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, around 2.8% of its GDP. The Imperial China Armed Forces have significant capabilities in both defense and power projection due to its large budget, resulting in advanced and powerful technologies that enable the rapid and widespread deployment of Chinese personnel worldwide.

History

The Imperial Chinese Armed Forces were founded on 6 May 1776 as the New Imperial Army in response to the collapse of Qing hegemony and disorder in the North. Throughout the end of the 18th- and 19th-centuries, this New Imperial Army would undergo several reforms and participate in conflicts. Following the Xuantong Emperor's tour of Europe in 1831, the New Imperial Army would be rebuilt into the Imperial Army. The Imperial Army would also be joined by the Imperial China Navy, established to ensure China's dominance in its trade routes to Europe.

Xuantong Emperor's son, Longqing Emperor (who studied in Germany) would continue the military reformations. Fighting several conflicts against European Powers to secure who survival and position in Asia. However, the Chinese military would experience major funding cuts almost immediately following the war due to the Chinese government's attempts at combating crippling debt. When the Great Depression hit China in 1929, the ICAF saw further reduced funding leading to a reduction in cuts to personnel and the ICAF falling behind other nations in terms of military advancement. With the sudden outbreak of the Great Asian War with Japan in 1941, the downsized military had difficulty handling the onslaught of Japan. Using its industrial capabilities to support a vast draftable population, and utilizing a guerrilla-style tactic to buy Chinese industries time, the Chinese forces began drafted plans for a massive counterattack operation codenamed Operation Tiaodong on January 1947. The war would drag on with China eventually victorious in 1962.

Chinese Soldiers of the 185th Regiment
fighting in Nanjing, 1942

The Imperial Air Force would initiate several major bombing campaigns against the islands in 1957 that would continue throughout the war, killing an estimated half-million people. With complete naval blockade was established around the islands, several attempts at negotiating a Japanese to surrender were met with failure. In the end, it was determined that an invasion of the home islands was necessary following several failed assassination attempts against the Japanese prime minister and emperor. The Imperial Navy would lead several attempts at an amphibious invasion, few which succeeded in any noticeable way. It was ultimately determined that a 400,000-strong force would spearhead the biggest landing operation of the war. More than 200,000 Imperial Army personnel, or four corps, and multiple elements from the Imperial Navy and Imperial Air Force would launch a naval assault on the beaches Itoshima prefecture in Operation Anben from 19-22 July 1957, following extensive misinformation and reconnaissance campaigns.

Operation Anben would ultimately lead to Chinese forces establishing a foothold on the Japanese home islands where Chinese forces could continue to move eastward. Chinese forces would move slowly but steadily throughout the southern islands, capturing Kyushu by March 1959 and Shikoku by December that same year. Resistance from the Imperial Japanese Army and civilian militias would be fierce, and by the end of 1960, there would be 6.5 million Chinese forces on the island. Fighting on Honshu would continue for the greater part of 1961 alongside an amphibious assault against Hokkaido. Over 0.7 million Chinese casualties as a result of fighting on the island would soon prompt the civilian population of China to call for an end to the war. In hopes of ending the war quickly, the government would propose dropping China's only nuclear bomb on Toyko. Through the final intervention of the Emperor of China, however, the bomb was instead dropped on Yokohama, south of Tokyo on 5 April 1962. The surprise and devastation of the weapon would force Japan to the negotiating table ending with the Treaty of Kyoto and the unconditional surrender of the Empire of Japan on 14 April 1962.

Command Structure

Command over the Imperial Armed Forces is established in the Constitution. The Emperor is the Commander-in-Chief Forces ex officio. However, its operations are usually handed to the executive and the Prime Minister to the Minister of National Defense, who is often to be a retired 5-star general. The Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense are in charge of the entire military establishment, maintaining civilian control of the military. The Minister of National Defense, by order of the Prime Minister and granted by the Emperor, takes charge of military affairs and supervises the Chairman of the Joint Staffs.

To coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the Prime Minister has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor and the Joint Staffs which consists of the Chief of Joint Staff and the military service chiefs from the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Chief of Joint Staff, a 5-star General or Admiral, is the senior officer of the Armed Forces. He/She assists the Minister of National Defense with regard to operational command authority, and supervises the combat units of each service of the Armed Forces, by order of the Minister of National Defense. The chain of operational control runs straight from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the commandants of the Army, Navy, and Air Force operational commands.

Military Regions

There are 4 military regions in China. Each region is called a Theatre Command (TC). The Eastern TC, Western TC, Southern TC, and the Northern TC. The headquarters of the respective TCs are Nanjing, Chongqing, Nanchang, and Jinan. Each TC has 3 provinces. The Northern TC has Hebei, Shandong, and Henan province. The Southern TC has Fujian, Jiangxi, and Hunan province. The Western TC has Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hubei province, while the Eastern TC has Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui province.

Components

Imperial China Army

The Imperial China Army, currently totaling some 1,505,000 active personnel and 1,250,000 reserve personnel, is one of the largest in the world and consists of half of the Imperial China Armed Forces' total manpower. The ICA is divided among the four theater commands: Eastern, Northern, Southern, and Northern with an Emergency Command not fixedly geographically located. In times of crisis, the ICA will be reinforced by numerous reserve and paramilitary units. The Imperial China Army has a total of 22 Group Armies (10 regular, 12 reserves) which are further divided into 220 divisions, and further divided into around 3,300 battalions, both armored, mechanized, and infantry. The Army is undergoing a downsizing as part of a programme to streamline combat efficiency.

The Imperial China Army combat doctrine focuses heavily on the use of information technology, electronic and information warfare, and long-range precision strikes. Integrated battlefield information networks have taken precedent throughout the Imperial China Army and allow for extensive coordination between the ICA and the other branches of the ICAF. On the operational level, soldiers and officers of the ICA are given a wide range of flexibility which allows them to act accordingly to a situation. Additionally, the ICA works off a system of meritocracy that promotes the most capable personnel. This means all soldiers start on a level playing field and will climb the ranks according to their individual skills in combat.
.
.
Imperial China Navy

The Imperial China Naval Service is the second-largest branch of the ICAF in terms of the number of personnel and receives the largest amount of funding. It consists of the Imperial Navy and the Imperial Marine Corps, both of which report the overarching Naval Service command. The Imperial Navy is among the largest and most respected in the world, possessing significant power projection assets including aircraft carriers and ballistic submarines while the Imperial Marines are one of the most elite amphibious assault forces in the world.

The Imperial Navy is one of the most technologically sophisticated navies in the world and consists of over 500 commissioned ships. Command of deployable assets is exercised by the Fleet Commander of the Navy. The Surface Fleet consists of carriers, amphibious warfare ships, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, patrol vessels, mine-countermeasure vessels, and other miscellaneous vessels. The Surface Fleet is structured around four primary fleet commands: the Yellow Sea Fleet based in Qingdao, the South China Sea Fleet based in Xiamen, and the East China Sea Fleet based in Ningbo. Most commonly these fleet commands are further broken in regional fleets, most notably the five Imperial Carrier Groups. These carrier groups act as China's primary power projection assets, although a rising development of anti-ship ballistic missiles has forced the Imperial Navy to utilize these Carrier Groups sparingly.

Perhaps the most notable of the Imperial Navy's assets is its large Subsurface Fleet. As one of the recognized nuclear powers of the world, the Imperial Navy operates twenty ballistic submarines each capable of launching twenty-eight JL-7 SLBM which act as nuclear deterrents to other nuclear powers of the world. Additionally, the Imperial Navy also operates a large number of nuclear and diesel-electric attack submarines that pose a threat to any foreign carrier group that enters China's naval boundaries.

Imperial China Air Force

Primarily tasked with the oversight of China's airspace and exoatmospheric holdings, the Imperial China Air Force fields large numbers of fixed-wing and rotor-wing aircraft. Divided into five theater commands: Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western, and Special Administrative Command in a similar fashion to the Imperial China Army, these theater commands possess varying numbers of air wings of which there are 132. Wings differ in composition with the largest possessing two air groups which can be further broken into six squadrons. Each squadron typically possesses four to six aircraft.

The Imperial China Air Force commonly works with the other branches of the Imperial China Armed Forces, primarily in close-air support and achieving air superiority. More dedicated objectives include air and space superiority, globally integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control. The Imperial China Air Force also commonly works alongside foreign militaries in drills or for global reconnaissance and strikes against terrorist or rogue factions.

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[color=#0047A0]

E M P I R E—O F—C H I N A— | —L I A N G—D Y N A S T Y
.
中—华—帝—国— | —梁—朝
.

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[color=#0047A0]

家 Home | 百科全书 Encyclopedia | ‌政府 Government | 军队 Military | 经济 Economy | ‌人口统计 Demographics | 外交 Diplomacy

[/color]

[color=#0047A0]

T H E—I M P E R I A L—C H I N A—A R M E D—F O R C E S
.
中—国—武—装—部—队
.

Imperial Armed Forces

The Imperial China Armed Forces (ICAF; Chinese: 中国皇武装部队; Pinyin: Zhōngguó huáng wǔzhuāng bùduì) is the armed forces of the Empire of China. The ICAF was founded on 6 May 1776 in the form of the New Imperial Army and has developed constantly throughout history. The ICAF consists of four professional service branches: the Imperial China Army, the Imperial China Navy, the Imperial China Air Force, and the Imperial China Marine Corp each of which has several sub-branches. The ICAF has seen numerous conflicts in its 244 years and is one of the oldest military forces on the planet. The commander-in-chief of the ICAF is the Emperor of China, currently, Yuzhi Emperor, who all service members pledge allegiance to. The Ministry of Defence oversees the management of the ICAF and is directed by the Minister of Defence. The main paramilitary group of China is the People's Armed Police (PAP).

The Imperial China Armed Forces are one of the largest militaries in terms of the number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a large pool of paid volunteers. The Ministry of Defence retains the power to conscript males and requires that all citizens and residents residing in the Empire of China between the ages of 20–25 to register. As of 2018, Imperial China spends about US$427.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, around 2.8% of its GDP. The Imperial China Armed Forces have significant capabilities in both defense and power projection due to its large budget, resulting in advanced and powerful technologies that enable the rapid and widespread deployment of Chinese personnel worldwide.

History

The Imperial Chinese Armed Forces were founded on 6 May 1776 as the New Imperial Army in response to the collapse of Qing hegemony and disorder in the North. Throughout the end of the 18th- and 19th-centuries, this New Imperial Army would undergo several reforms and participate in conflicts. Following the Xuantong Emperor's tour of Europe in 1831, the New Imperial Army would be rebuilt into the Imperial Army. The Imperial Army would also be joined by the Imperial China Navy, established to ensure China's dominance in its trade routes to Europe.

Xuantong Emperor's son, Longqing Emperor (who studied in Germany) would continue the military reformations. Fighting several conflicts against European Powers to secure who survival and position in Asia. However, the Chinese military would experience major funding cuts almost immediately following the war due to the Chinese government's attempts at combating crippling debt. When the Great Depression hit China in 1929, the ICAF saw further reduced funding leading to a reduction in cuts to personnel and the ICAF falling behind other nations in terms of military advancement. With the sudden outbreak of the Great Asian War with Japan in 1941, the downsized military had difficulty handling the onslaught of Japan. Using its industrial capabilities to support a vast draftable population, and utilizing a guerrilla-style tactic to buy Chinese industries time, the Chinese forces began drafted plans for a massive counterattack operation codenamed Operation Tiaodong on January 1947. The war would drag on with China eventually victorious in 1962.

Chinese Soldiers of the 185th Regiment
fighting in Nanjing, 1942

The Imperial Air Force would initiate several major bombing campaigns against the islands in 1957 that would continue throughout the war, killing an estimated half-million people. With complete naval blockade was established around the islands, several attempts at negotiating a Japanese to surrender were met with failure. In the end, it was determined that an invasion of the home islands was necessary following several failed assassination attempts against the Japanese prime minister and emperor. The Imperial Navy would lead several attempts at an amphibious invasion, few which succeeded in any noticeable way. It was ultimately determined that a 400,000-strong force would spearhead the biggest landing operation of the war. More than 200,000 Imperial Army personnel, or four corps, and multiple elements from the Imperial Navy and Imperial Air Force would launch a naval assault on the beaches Itoshima prefecture in Operation Anben from 19-22 July 1957, following extensive misinformation and reconnaissance campaigns.

Operation Anben would ultimately lead to Chinese forces establishing a foothold on the Japanese home islands where Chinese forces could continue to move eastward. Chinese forces would move slowly but steadily throughout the southern islands, capturing Kyushu by March 1959 and Shikoku by December that same year. Resistance from the Imperial Japanese Army and civilian militias would be fierce, and by the end of 1960, there would be 6.5 million Chinese forces on the island. Fighting on Honshu would continue for the greater part of 1961 alongside an amphibious assault against Hokkaido. Over 0.7 million Chinese casualties as a result of fighting on the island would soon prompt the civilian population of China to call for an end to the war. In hopes of ending the war quickly, the government would propose dropping China's only nuclear bomb on Toyko. Through the final intervention of the Emperor of China, however, the bomb was instead dropped on Yokohama, south of Tokyo on 5 April 1962. The surprise and devastation of the weapon would force Japan to the negotiating table ending with the Treaty of Kyoto and the unconditional surrender of the Empire of Japan on 14 April 1962.

Command Structure

Command over the Imperial Armed Forces is established in the Constitution. The Emperor is the Commander-in-Chief Forces ex officio. However, its operations are usually handed to the executive and the Prime Minister to the Minister of National Defense, who is often to be a retired 5-star general. The Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense are in charge of the entire military establishment, maintaining civilian control of the military. The Minister of National Defense, by order of the Prime Minister and granted by the Emperor, takes charge of military affairs and supervises the Chairman of the Joint Staffs.

To coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the Prime Minister has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor and the Joint Staffs which consists of the Chief of Joint Staff and the military service chiefs from the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Chief of Joint Staff, a 5-star General or Admiral, is the senior officer of the Armed Forces. He/She assists the Minister of National Defense with regard to operational command authority, and supervises the combat units of each service of the Armed Forces, by order of the Minister of National Defense. The chain of operational control runs straight from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the commandants of the Army, Navy, and Air Force operational commands.

Military Regions

There are 4 military regions in China. Each region is called a Theatre Command (TC). The Eastern TC, Western TC, Southern TC, and the Northern TC. The headquarters of the respective TCs are Nanjing, Chongqing, Nanchang, and Jinan. Each TC has 3 provinces. The Northern TC has Hebei, Shandong, and Henan province. The Southern TC has Fujian, Jiangxi, and Hunan province. The Western TC has Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hubei province, while the Eastern TC has Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui province.

Components

Imperial China Army

The Imperial China Army, currently totaling some 1,505,000 active personnel and 1,250,000 reserve personnel, is one of the largest in the world and consists of half of the Imperial China Armed Forces' total manpower. The ICA is divided among the four theater commands: Eastern, Northern, Southern, and Northern with an Emergency Command not fixedly geographically located. In times of crisis, the ICA will be reinforced by numerous reserve and paramilitary units. The Imperial China Army has a total of 22 Group Armies (10 regular, 12 reserves) which are further divided into 220 divisions, and further divided into around 3,300 battalions, both armored, mechanized, and infantry. The Army is undergoing a downsizing as part of a programme to streamline combat efficiency.

The Imperial China Army combat doctrine focuses heavily on the use of information technology, electronic and information warfare, and long-range precision strikes. Integrated battlefield information networks have taken precedent throughout the Imperial China Army and allow for extensive coordination between the ICA and the other branches of the ICAF. On the operational level, soldiers and officers of the ICA are given a wide range of flexibility which allows them to act accordingly to a situation. Additionally, the ICA works off a system of meritocracy that promotes the most capable personnel. This means all soldiers start on a level playing field and will climb the ranks according to their individual skills in combat.
.
.
Imperial China Navy

The Imperial China Naval Service is the second-largest branch of the ICAF in terms of the number of personnel and receives the largest amount of funding. It consists of the Imperial Navy and the Imperial Marine Corps, both of which report the overarching Naval Service command. The Imperial Navy is among the largest and most respected in the world, possessing significant power projection assets including aircraft carriers and ballistic submarines while the Imperial Marines are one of the most elite amphibious assault forces in the world.

The Imperial Navy is one of the most technologically sophisticated navies in the world and consists of over 500 commissioned ships. Command of deployable assets is exercised by the Fleet Commander of the Navy. The Surface Fleet consists of carriers, amphibious warfare ships, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, patrol vessels, mine-countermeasure vessels, and other miscellaneous vessels. The Surface Fleet is structured around four primary fleet commands: the Yellow Sea Fleet based in Qingdao, the South China Sea Fleet based in Xiamen, and the East China Sea Fleet based in Ningbo. Most commonly these fleet commands are further broken in regional fleets, most notably the five Imperial Carrier Groups. These carrier groups act as China's primary power projection assets, although a rising development of anti-ship ballistic missiles has forced the Imperial Navy to utilize these Carrier Groups sparingly.

Perhaps the most notable of the Imperial Navy's assets is its large Subsurface Fleet. As one of the recognized nuclear powers of the world, the Imperial Navy operates twenty ballistic submarines each capable of launching twenty-eight JL-7 SLBM which act as nuclear deterrents to other nuclear powers of the world. Additionally, the Imperial Navy also operates a large number of nuclear and diesel-electric attack submarines that pose a threat to any foreign carrier group that enters China's naval boundaries.

Imperial China Air Force

Primarily tasked with the oversight of China's airspace and exoatmospheric holdings, the Imperial China Air Force fields large numbers of fixed-wing and rotor-wing aircraft. Divided into five theater commands: Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western, and Special Administrative Command in a similar fashion to the Imperial China Army, these theater commands possess varying numbers of air wings of which there are 132. Wings differ in composition with the largest possessing two air groups which can be further broken into six squadrons. Each squadron typically possesses four to six aircraft.

The Imperial China Air Force commonly works with the other branches of the Imperial China Armed Forces, primarily in close-air support and achieving air superiority. More dedicated objectives include air and space superiority, globally integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control. The Imperial China Air Force also commonly works alongside foreign militaries in drills or for global reconnaissance and strikes against terrorist or rogue factions.