The General Assembly,

RECOGNIZING that armed conflict causes immense and unnecessary suffering among civilians;

AFFIRMING that humane conduct in warfare and the protection of civilians are vital principles of international law;

ACKNOWLEDGING that serious violations of moral and humanitarian norms during armed conflict should be recognized as war crimes;

SEEKING to establish standards for the protection of civilians, protected persons, medical operations, and evidence relating to such crimes;

Hereby establishes the following standards regarding war crimes and the conduct of warfare:

1. Defines “civilian” as any individual who is not a member of armed forces or otherwise directly participating in hostilities;

2. Civilians are not legitimate military targets unless directly participating in hostilities, and combatants must distinguish between civilians and military objectives while taking reasonable precautions to minimize civilian harm when engaging lawful military targets;

3. Actions intended to terrorize civilian populations are prohibited, including attacks, threats, demonstrations of violence, or military operations intended to spread fear, intimidation, or severe physical harm among civilians;

4. Defines “civilian infrastructure” as facilities primarily supporting civilian life, including housing, humanitarian shelters, medical facilities, water, electrical, food, and sanitation systems;

5. Targeting civilian infrastructure is prohibited unless it directly and substantially contributes to military operations and its destruction, capture, or neutralization would provide a definite military advantage;

6. Medical facilities retain special protection unless used for hostile military-related purposes beyond their humanitarian function;

7. The deliberate use of civilians, the wounded and sick, or protected civilian infrastructure to shield military objectives from attack is prohibited, including placing military forces or material among them for that purpose;

8. The starvation of civilian populations as a method of warfare is prohibited, including deliberate deprivation or destruction of resources vital for civilian survival and wellbeing;

9. Individuals captured or detained during armed conflict must be treated humanely, including:

   1. protection from torture, cruel treatment, or degrading treatment;

   2. access to food, water, shelter, and medical care sufficient to preserve basic health and survival, to the greatest extent reasonably practicable and without adverse distinction;

   3. protection from execution or punishment solely on the basis of nationality, civilian status, or lawful service in an opposing armed force, except following lawful judicial process and conviction for a specific criminal offense;

   4. protection from being taken or held as hostages;
      

10. Military officials, civilian authorities, or other persons exercising effective authority over combatants or military operations shall be held responsible for war crimes committed by subordinates where they knew, or reasonably should have known, that such crimes were being committed or likely to be committed, and failed to take reasonable measures within their authority to prevent, stop, report, or punish such acts;

11. The wounded and sick, meaning individuals rendered incapable of fighting by wounds or sickness, whether military or civilian, must not be attacked, denied protection, or deprived of adequate medical care except by legitimate medical priority;

12. Medical personnel, medical transport, and exclusively humanitarian medical operations must not be targeted or obstructed unless used beyond their humanitarian function for hostile military-related purposes;

13. Member states shall take reasonable and feasible measures to preserve evidence in their possession or control relating to credible allegations of war crimes, including documentation of civilian harm, preservation of relevant battlefield evidence, and cooperation with investigations;

14. Establishes the World Assembly War Crimes Documentation Commission, tasked with collecting and maintaining records of alleged war crimes reported by member states, assisting with documentation and evidence preservation, and publishing periodic reports summarizing international news and trends relating to violations of this Convention.
    

The General Assembly,

Understanding that GA#1 "Daybreak" recognizes the World Assembly (WA) maintains necessary infrastructure for the execution of its functions;

Affirming that such infrastructure should respect the national sovereignty of member nations and avoid imposing undue burdens upon them;

Observing that generations of delegates have demonstrated a remarkable tendency to conclude negotiations, settle misunderstandings, and accidentally draft treaties while gathered at the World Assembly Strangers' Bar (WASB);

Further observing that the recent addition of the World Assembly Ballroom (WABR) has transformed the establishment from a favored diplomatic watering hole into one of the most practical meeting places; and

Concluding that it is generally wiser to designate the place everyone already uses as the World Assembly Headquarters (WAHQ) than to construct another one elsewhere or evict squatters from the previous location;

Hereby:

1. Designates the WASB, together with the adjoining WABR, as the official headquarters of the World Assembly (WASBBRHQ), serving as its principal venue for diplomatic engagement, administrative activity, official ceremonies, and such other functions as are necessary to facilitate the work of the World Assembly;

2. Declares that no member nation shall obtain preferential status or influence over WASBBRHQ operations by virtue of geography, patronage, or repeated success during trivia night;

3. Recognizes the corridor outside the restrooms as the Hall of Nations, acknowledging its historic role as the location of years' worth of impromptu diplomatic discussions, emergency coalition-building, awkward encounters, and delegates pretending they were heading somewhere else all along;

4. Orders the placement of a photograph of the Kennyite delegation in a spot of honor above the bar;

5. Reserves the northwest corner booth of WASBBRHQ for exclusive use by the World Assembly Secretariat when conducting official business, with the stipulation that:

1. Secretariat members shall only relinquish the booth whenever they unanimously agree that another table looks more comfortable; and

2. no international incident shall arise solely because another delegation mistakenly believes the booth to be available;

6. Directs that routine operating expenses of the WASBBRHQ shall be offset through voluntary commercial revenue generated on the premises, including:

1. a tip jar, the proceeds of which shall be distributed among WASBBRHQ custodial, hospitality, maintenance, and other building staff; and

2. a jukebox, an automated teller machine (ATM), and exactly two slot machines, whose net revenues shall be dedicated exclusively to the maintenance, repair, improvement, and continued operation of the WASBBRHQ;

7. Clarifies that no member nation shall be obligated to contribute financially through the use of any such amenity;

8. Encourages member nations to make use of the WASBBRHQ for formal negotiations, back channel communications, cultural exchange, and the peaceful resolution of disputes, while reminding delegates that endorsement levels and shouting "Point of Order!" does not reserve a place in the queue for the restrooms; and

9. Affirms that nothing in this resolution shall be interpreted as limiting the ability of the World Assembly under future resolutions to regulate diplomatic privileges, security, administrative procedures, or other matters necessary for the effective operation of the WASBBRHQ.

The World Assembly understands there to be fundamental rights to life, dignity, and legal recognition for all persons within its jurisdiction. From these basic rights, a right to freedom from torture can be extrapolated. In pursuit of a strong international solution to ensure that all peoples are guaranteed this right, the World Assembly hereby enacts the following:

1. For the purposes of this resolution, “torture” is defined as any act which seeks to inflict severe psychological or physical pain or trauma against an individual for an interest in:

   1. coercing persons into providing information or consent, or complying with demands that are not strictly necessary to the conduction of law enforcement or military action; or

   2. punishing persons or using their pain or trauma to coerce or influence others.

2. Subjecting a person to torture is to be treated as a serious criminal offence in individual member-states’ jurisdictions and, when done in large scale against a civilian population, a crime against humanity as covered by international law. Aiding the execution of these crimes and complicity in torture must also be criminalised, with sanctions to be set proportionately to involvement.

3. The prior clause shall be interpreted as mandating the criminalization of significant involvement in the planning, ordering, or execution of torture; and as mandating the criminalization of compliance with an order to torture, except where:

   1. compliance was necessary to avoid grave punishment upon the complying person or another person known to the complying person, and

   2. that punishment is not merely financial or on the basis of reputation.

4. Member-states must provide educational materials for persons directly or indirectly serving them in roles that involve interrogation, criminal investigation, or the handling of prisoners or detainees, including instruction on the international prohibition of torture and the rights of persons regarding it.

5. It is the duty of every member-state to combat the practice of torture in its institutions and among its inhabitants. Member-states' governments are required to thoroughly investigate any credible report or accusation of torture within their jurisdiction, and prosecute it.

6. Confessions, testimonies, statements, and any other piece of evidence acquired by means of torture shall be considered inadmissible in every court proceeding, national or otherwise. Evidence an accused produced against themselves by torturing another person is admissible exclusively for the purpose of facilitating proceedings against them. The victims of torture may also use evidence produced by their torturing to prove the innocence of themselves or others on related accusations.

7. Member states may not retaliate against persons via direct or indirect means for reporting or attempting to report a violation of this resolution's mandates that is credible to the best of the reporter's knowledge, and must take effective action to curtail any retaliation which occurs in the jurisdiction of their state.

The World Assembly,

Aiming to promote fundamental legal principles across member nations,

Insisting that individuals possess a fundamental right to liberty and protection from arbitrary deprivation thereof,

Reaffirming that individuals should not be prosecuted unless they have violated criminal law, as it was promulgated at the time of the offence,

Recognizing that having legal standards that are publicly accessible and clear is crucial to ensuring fairness, predictability, and the rule of law,

Worried that unpublished laws lead to arbitrary and inconsistent legal enforcement,

Mandates:

a. "Recognized source of law" is defined, for the purposes of this resolution, as any source of law, judicial precedent, or executive policy which possesses legal authority to establish criminal liability,

b. Each member nation shall ensure that all recognized sources of law for that member nation are publicly promulgated and accessible to all whom they may apply to, whether directly by that member nation itself or indirectly by some organisations or individuals,

c. Member nations shall ensure that no individual within their jurisdiction may be subjected to criminal punishment, unless authorized by a recognized source of law promulgated in accordance with the prior clause,

d. Member nations shall ensure that no individual within their jurisdiction may be subjected to criminal punishment for any act that was not unlawful at the time the act occurred,

e. Member nations shall ensure that no individual within their jurisdiction may be subjected to criminal punishment for any act in excess of that applicable at the time of the act

f. Member nations must provide a mechanism to allow individuals to seek judicial or equivalent lawful review of convictions or penalties purportedly imposed against this resolution's prohibitions,

g. When such review deems convictions or penalties have been imposed in violation of this resolution, member nations shall ensure appropriate legal remedy is provided and that convictions which were made not in compliance with this resolution are to be nullified,

h. Nothing in this resolution shall provide legal protection to individuals who claim ignorance of the law if the relevant law was publicly promulgated at the time of the act.

The World Assembly,

Recognizing the importance of the electromagnetic spectrum in global communication, enabling modern wonders from cell phones to accurate weather forecasting to the internet, and

Cognizant of the fact that, despite these wondrous technologies stemming from spectrum use, the physics underpinning spectrum do not care for trivial political matters like "national borders," and that the international community failing to coordinate their spectrum use may jeopardize the advantages of the technology for all, and

Nervously sweating about the prospect of tackling this subject for thousands of nations with competing interests worldwide, therefore enacts as follows:

1. For the purposes of this resolution:

   1. "Spectrum" shall refer to the range of electromagnetic frequencies capable of being used for the transmission of information without physical connection between the points of transmission and reception;

   2. "Band" shall refer to any continuous portion of the spectrum defined by an upper and lower boundary;

   3. "Allocation" shall refer to the designation of a band for one or more classes of use, establishing the purposes for which the band may be used;

   4. "Assignment" shall refer to an authorization granted by a member to a particular user to operate within an allocated band, consistent with the allocation governing that band;

   5. "Harmful interference" shall refer to the degradation, obstruction, or repeated interruption of another use of the spectrum to a significant degree.

2. The Spectrum Policy and Allocations Network (SPAN) is established as the World Assembly body responsible for coordinating the use of spectrum among members. SPAN shall be bound by the following duties and responsibilities:

   1. SPAN shall establish and maintain a table of allocations designating appropriate use for each band, and revise it as technological and operational circumstances require;

   2. To members that lack the technical capacity to coordinate their assignments, SPAN shall provide reasonable technical assistance upon request, and when coordinating access to unassigned spectrum bands shall give due consideration to these members;

   3. Upon member request, SPAN shall attempt to voluntarily coordinate with non-members whose spectrum use interacts with that of members, or otherwise assist members in managing use adjacent to uncoordinated jurisdictions.

   4. SPAN shall not have the power to compel any member into action or inaction unless actively provided for by the World Assembly.

3. There shall exist a register of assignments, which shall be operated and maintained by SPAN and made available to all members. This register shall operate as follows:

   1. Before bringing into use an assignment that may cause harmful interference to another member, a member shall coordinate that assignment with affected members and record it in the register;

   2. Recorded assignments are protected against harmful interference from other members in the order in which they are recorded;

   3. A member whose spectrum use causes undue harmful interference to an earlier protected assignment shall forfeit the protections this resolution grants to their own assignments;

   4. Upon becoming aware of an event or emergent condition posing a credible risk of harmful interference to another member, a member must notify SPAN and any potentially affected members as soon as reasonably practicable;

   5. Disputes as to harmful interference or protected standing shall be adjudicated by SPAN;

   6. SPAN may reclaim the protected standing of assignments which are unused or held in excess of demonstrated need.

4. SPAN shall establish autonomous groups to coordinate assignments among members whose use of spectrum interacts, which shall operate as follows:

   1. Members are placed into groups on the basis of the interaction of their spectrum use, and the composition of these groups shall be adjusted as those interactions change;

   2. Each group shall coordinate assignments among its members and may make coordination refinements applicable within the group, with due consideration to the individual needs and wants of the group's members, the provisions provided by this resolution, and SPAN's table of allocations;

   3. Matters affecting members of more than one group, or unresolved within a group, shall be adjudicated by SPAN;

   4. Members may be members of multiple groups if multiple cover their spectrum needs.