Factbook of the Federal Republic of Bhumidol

Bhumidol

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Bhumidol (English: buːmaɪdɔːl/ BU-MI-DOLL; Bhumhalese: भुमैदोल्--Bhumaidol), known formally as the Federal Republic of Bhumidol (Bhumhalese: सन्शान भुमैदोल्, Romanization: Sandhāna Bhumaidol) a sovereign island nation whose territory comprises the entirety of Mainland Bhumidol plus several outlying islands including the Pandiya Islands.

Over 70% of the nation's surface is covered in inhabitable, impassable mountains, consequently concentrating the population of 24,551,324 people in fertile river valleys. Most of the country experiences a mix between a winter-monsoon, and cold mediterranean climate, seeing low temperatures and ample snowfall in winter, followed by sunny and hot weather in summer.

Bhumidol considers itself a civilization state, belonging to an ancient 4,000 year old political continuum of Vajrayana Buddhist & Hindu dynasties with a dominant culture related to but distinct from other South Asian polities. Although politically secular with a mostly nonreligious populace, the nation is overwhelmingly influenced by Vajrayana Buddhist cultural norms. Tea bars, usually attached to local temples exist as the primary means of socializing, while virtually all primary and secondary schools are run by various Buddhist orders.

Rokhani Merudhana Yagharu is the current Chancellor of Bhumidol, assuming her post on March 6th, 2017. The country is a Federal Parliamentary Constitutional Republic, largely dominated by a political coalition between the Green and Communist Parties. In accordance with its constitution, the federal government divides power amongst the Chancellory, the Federal Diet, and the Supreme Court of Bhumidol. Power is further devolved to the 25 constituant Provinces, Special-Provinces, and Buddhist-Estates.

Bhumidol is a developed economy with robust technology and financial sectors employing large sectors of the populace, and occupying a central position in Bhumhalese political and cultural life. With an HDI of 0.912 and life expectancy at 80.8 years, Bhumhalese citizens enjoy a relatively high quality of living.

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Etymology

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The name, Bhumidol, is the British-Anglicization of, Bhumaidol.

In the Bhumhalese language, Bhumidol, comes from its ancient spelling of Bhumimaidol, or broken up into Bhumi-Mai-Aidol, which literally means, "Buddhist Mother World". Prior to the 6th century AD, when Hinduism played a dominant role in Bhumidol, the nation was referred to as Brahmadore, meaning, "Abode of Lord Brahma". In modern times, using Brahmadore, or the more commonly used term Brahmada, refers only to Brahmada Valley, wherein most of Bhumhalese civlization was based prior to the 6th century AD.

It is traditionally believed that Guru Padmagudharatri bestowed upon Brahmadore Country the honorific title of Bhumidol, due to its keen receptiveness of Vajrayana Buddhist teachings at the time. However, the title of Bhumidol doesn't appear formally in any old relics until the 7th century, when a manuscript written by an unknown senior monk in the capital of Rajadhani speaks of the blessings that Manjushri Boddhisattva imparted onto Bhumidol.

Starting and continuing from the 7th century AD, Brahmadore was quickly recognized internally and externally as Bhumidol. Court documents from the Chola & Bengali Kings in India also showed a transition in referring to Brahmadore as Bhumidol. Trade and diplomatic documents from the Tang Dynasty in China also changed their reference of the nation in this era, with the old name, 婆羅門本 (pó-lúo-mén-běn:= Root/Chief Abode of Brahmada), being changed to 佛地本 (fó-dì-běn:=Root World of Buddhism), reflecting the Tang court's perceived deep and quick penetration of Buddhism into Brahmadore.

The Chinese name for Bhumidol quickly made its way to the Western world during the reign of Mongol Empire across Asia. Eventually, Bhumidol came to be called the Odiban, believed to be an equally mythical and mysterious mountain civilization off the coast of Hindustan. In the initial interactions between Europeans and Bhumhalese people in the age of imperialism, Bhumidol was labelled as the Odiban on most Western maps. The area which today constitutes mainland Bhumidol was colloquially called the Odiban until the late 18th century, when Bhumidol sucessfully repelled invading Imperial British forces, and was subsequently recognized by virtually all European countries as a sovereign nation.

Historically, Bhumidol was a name used by other Asian nations to recognize the country as the sole stronghold of Indian Buddhism in South Asia. Most Bhumhalese through ancient history referred to the nation through the ruling dynasty even in its early Hindu history. The failed attempt by the British Empire in the 18th century to colonize Bhumidol left the lasting legacy of forming the first cohesive Bhumhalese identity, and an irreversible nationalist trend wherein the name Bhumidol eventually became the official name used by the Chakraborty Dynasty to refer to the country.

History

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Prehistory & Ancient History

The first habitation of Bhumidol began around 40,000 BC by paleolithic humans. Around 21,000 BC, a Mesolithic and Neolithic culture who include the ancestors of the modern Bhumhala and Rai people started to take root in in Raigyu Valley. The ruins of Araiya, a prehistoric city in Raigyu Valley, shows evidence that humans in this period started living a sedentary lifestyle. Temple depictions also showed Lord Kanagan, the modern guardian diety of the Rai people, and paintings of dreamtime, suggesting that Bhumidol's early humans were genetically australoids. Around 2,000 BC, rice farming techniques were imported from India

Bhumidol first appears in written history as a nation called Brahmadore, meaning, "Abode of Brahma", in scattered court documents from mainland India. According to the written history passed down and preserved in the archives of the National Buddhist Sangha of Bhumidol, the period from 2,000 BC to 900 BC was defined by a series of warring kingdoms which came increasingly under the influence of India's Hindu culture.

From 900 BC to 300 BC, Brahmada Valley was united by the legendary Empress Purvana under the Tamarai Dynasty. Literary works made during this period, such as Yamalavidhava (English: A Short Novel of the Twin Widows), and Mahadhitulapejupoiva (English: A Long Account of the Spider, Peju's, Journey in the World), were part of a blossoming of Bhumhalese culture during this period. Historical accounts from Chinese and Tamil merchants detail that, "commerce and civil order were well regulated under the management of an imperial brahmin bureaucracy".

A failed invasion in 359 BC of Rai Tribal lands led to a Rai counter invasion which led to the fall of the Tamarai Dynasty, leaving Brahmada Valley divided between three states, the Svarna Republic, Raigiri Brahmada, and the Kingdom of Madharan until around 300 AD. The period is known historically as the Three Warring State period. Open trade policies promoted by the Madharan Kingdom led to the spread of Jainism and Buddhism to Brahmada Valley.

The Aardash Dynasty, which succeeded the Three Warring States, oversaw the reestablishment of the order seen during the Tamarai Dynasty. Aardash rule also saw the introduction of the Indian political treatise, Arthashastra. The period up to 800 AD was thus charactersized by the authoritarian rule of the Aardash Emperors. The religious landscape during this time was believed to have been evenly occupied by Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist schools. Great Jain and Hindu temples were built during this period, such as Shri Padmavati Temple, a monumental Jain temple, that was built during the reign of Emperor Aardash Sundarvaraman II. Over its rule, the dynasty was weakened by a series of Yakkha Invasions from the Khas-Kirat Empire (modern day Athara magarat), ultimately culminating the formation of the Yakkha-ruled, Koyongwa Dynasty.

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Medieval History

Bhumidol's medieval era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of Vajrayana Buddhism across the nation. The establishment of the Koyongwa Dynasty, which came about from the destruction of large swaths of Brahmada Valley, left many Hindu institutions in ruin and teachers killed.

Over the period of Koyongwa rule, several prominent Gurus came from South Asia to establish the three original Vajrayana Schools in Bhumidol. In 873 AD, the Shyama-Dhyan school of Buddhism was established by Guru Vikramenshe from modern day West Bengal, India. Later, in 902 AD, the Mahatrikaruna school of Buddhism was established by Guru Svarnarajan from modern day Nepal. Due to the destruction of the last dynastic war, Vajrayana Buddhism became quickly popular across Brahamada Valley, leading to the construction of many great temples such as Mahakaruna Temple on Mt. Meru.

In 1193 AD, Guru Padmaratri and his three Gudhacharyas came to Bhumidol, fleeing the Muslim invasion and sacking of Nalanda University in India, establishing the Gudharatri School of Bhumhalese Buddhism. Four years later, the Guru and his disciples influenced the powerful Chakraborty Clan to take power of the country by overthrowing the Koyongwa Dynasty.

The medieval Chakraborty Dynasty continued a policy of religious pluralism universal to South Asia for the past few millenia, though due to pressure from the Vajrayana Buddhist schools backing it, did actively work to reduce the influence of other religious groups in Bhumidol. By the turn of the 14th century, over 50% of the dynasty's subjects were registered members of Vajrayana Schools. This period was also marked by the steady increase in the dynasty's economic wealth, and population.

In 1528, following reports of the brutal colonialization of the Portuguese in Goa and the Spanish in the Phillipines, Emperor Karunasamyan II banned trade with Spain and Portugal. In response to the Emperor's policy, the Portuguese built colonial ports north of Accasara, the nation's largest port city.

Over the period of 20 years, the Portuguese fought several wars against the Bhumhalese. Karunasamyan II's forces, despite out-numbering the Portuguese in the Battles of Fort Danilo and Sao Gonçalves, were handily defeated. Employing the help of Dutch merchants, the Bhumhalese military acquired match-lock firearms, and field-artillery using the coastal mountains to fire on Portuguese forts forcing their surrender.

The following year in 1584, Emperor Boudhinadh III banned trade with all Western nations, with the exception of the Netherlands. In April of the same year, the Imperial Cabinet created the Sangha Restoration Act of 1584, organizing the three schools of Bhumhalese Buddhism under State Sangha Ministry, and forcing all citizens to register as members of one of the three schools. Through 1584 to 1592, the government pursued a policy of persecuting Catholicism, at the cost of an estimated 32,000 - 115,000 lives, and somewhere between half a million and a million forced conversions. To aid the de-Westernization of Bhumidol, the Emperor issued an official decree in 1587 banning the varnas (caste system), and appointed a new imperial cabineet to oversee the removal of the varnas from Bhumhalese society. Over the next few centuries, the Chakraborty Emperors attempted a series of reforms which ultimately failed due to strong interests from the established nobility.
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Modern History

In 1756, the British Empire launched an invasion into mainland Bhumidol as a part of their campaign to decisively control India and her neighbors during the Third Carnatic War. Following the decisive defeat of the British at the Battle of Krishnagar in 1778, the Chakraborty Dynasty entered a period of political turmoil formented by monks established on Manimegalai Island. In 1784, the Emperor resolved the crisis by adopting what the nation's Buddhist monks called the Manimegalai Reforms, proclaiming the founding of the Empire of Bhumidol.

Modernizing its political, judicial, and military institutions, the Imperial Cabinet introduced the Manimegalai Constitution, and broad standardizations for language, religion, and commerce. The Manimegalai Reforms transformed Bhumidol into a major industrialized power which pursued a policy of dual regional expansionism and diplomacy. The Bhumhalese-Namgiri War of 1816 annexed the Kingdom Namagaya into the Bhumhalese Empire, while the 1831 Japanese Bhumhalese Friendship Treaty allowed the nation to access Japanese markets. Over this period, the nation's population more than doubled, going from 8 million to around 17 million.

From the mid-19th century to the early-20th century, the nation entered a period of intense industrialization and modernization spurred on by territorial, diplomatic, and demographic expansion. Over the period from 1850 to 1900, the Bhumhalese economy grew 4-fold, and in 1870 the Emperor's Cabinet ordained the first popularly elected Imperial Diet and Prime Minister. The early 20th century saw the introduction of Western fashion, with waistcoats and European dresses becoming favored over traditional dhoti's and saree's.

Following limited participation in World War I on the side of the triple entente, Bhumidol entered the Great Depression following the collapse of stock markets across Europe and America. The Depression displaced more than 1/5ths of the nation's population, leading to political and social chaos which gave rise to the Communist Party of Bhumidol, and the Chavam Party (Chakraborty Irusavam). On Octbober 18th, 1936, agents from the Japanese Kempeitai co-orchestrated a coup by the Chavam Party to secure an allied fascist, militarisitic government in South Asia against percieved rising British power in the region. Upon coming to power, the Chavam Party abrogated basic civil and political rights, reduced the emperor to a powerless figure head, and outlawed religious discourse and speech contrary to Vajrayana Buddhism. On Bhumhalaese New Year in 1937, the Emperor announced a formal alliance with Germany, Italy, and Japan. From 1937 to 1943, the government pursued a policy of deficeit spending to pull the economy out of depression.

In 1939, the Chavam Party launched the Ashtadinagantra, an official policy of persecution and genocide against the nation's religious and ethnic minorities, particularly targeted against the Jain minority. On December 7th, 1941, the Empire of Bhumidol unilaterally declared war on the United States and Great Britian in accordance with its friendship treaty with the Empire of Greater Japan, entering World War II as an Axis Power. During the war, Bhumhalese forces aided the Japanese in the capture of British Burma and Singapore, while its concentration and death camps at Hara Island, Ansutathya, Mrauk U, and Rangoon killed an estimated 1.2 million people, including minorities within Bhumidol. In April of 1945, with American forces closing in around Japan and enforcing a naval blockade of Amravarti, the Chavam Party negotiated a conditional surrender to the Allied powers, turning its back on the Axis Powers and keeping the the Chavam Party in power. Most of the civil rights lost before the war were reinstated following the conclusion of World War II, and the Ashtadinagantra was overturned by the Supreme Court as being unconstitutional, while Chavam Bhumidol become an American ally in the post-war order.

An economic boom which succeeded the war was fostered by open global trade, and Chavam policies which supported domestic industries with 0% interest loans and tax pardons. During the 60's and early 70's, the economy expanded its manufacturing base, producing products with higher brand value while seeing GDP per capita rise from less than $5,000 to over $14,000. In 1973, OEPAC announced an oil embargo against Bhumidol for its support of Israel, plummeting the economy into a recession. The political and economic chaos arising from the embargo resulted in internal conflict between members of the Chavam Party, resulting in the July Buddhist Restoration, wherein extremist elements of the Chavam Party under Vice Premier Sarbhagav Harvindhra seized control of the government. With oil prices remaining high after the lifting of the embargo, the Bhumhalese economy remained sluggish prompting civil unrest across the nation, leading the government of Premier Harvindhra to back away from its diplomatic obligations to the United States. On December 17th, 1973, Bhumidol became a member of the non-alligned movement, opening formal relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, and several Eastern Bloc nations.

By 1981, the Bhumhalese economy re-entered a period of stable economic growth after global oil prices dropped back to near pre-1973 levels. With the successful rise in prominence of native company brands, such as Tamarai and MeruGroup, the Bhumhalese economy began to shift towards one that was more service-oriented - by 1988, more than half of the nation's work force became employed in the service sector. In the mid-80's, the Bhumhalese government secured massive credit from abroad to expand its capital, facilitating the, "Bhumhalese Economic Miracle", seeing the Bhumhalese economy achieve double-digit economic growth up to 1997, and become one of a handful of global nations and the only South Asian nation to become a post-industrial developed economy by 1996.

In July of 1997, the Bhumhalese economy collapsed during the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, prompted by a sharp rise in the relative value of the Bhumhalese Jyen to the Chinese Renminbi as a result of devaluation of the later, and an increased interest rate set by the United States Federal Reserve. In 1998, the International Monetary Fund provided the Reserve Bank of Bhumidol with a low-interest SAP (structural adjustment package) to allow the economy to begin recovery. With the inflow of Western media during this time period, Bhumidol also saw the Chavam regime embark on series of liberal reforms, allowing citizens to identity and assemble as non-Buddhists in 1998, and dropping the mandatory midnight curfew across the nation in 1999.

The turn of the 21st century saw the Bhumhalese economy rebound, and the quality of life expand. Air pollution ordiances set by the government succesfully reduced air pollution to healthy levels in Rajadhani and Amravarti, while the Educational Reform Act of 2002 saw teachers with higher qualifications entering the nation's schools, overseeing major structural improvements in education. The government created its first official immigration policy, accepting residents on a sponsored visa basis, and allowing immigrants to become Bhumhalese citizens after 40 years of continued residence on a sponsored visa.

On June 8th, 2015, the National Institute of Biological Sciences in Bhumidol chartered the settlement of a research institute on a group of unclaimed, biologically diverse islands. On June 21st, the Rajya Sangha named the islands the Pandiya Islands, and added them as the 7th Anganupa of Bhumidol. After diplomatic talks with TWI League of Nations, Bhumidol agreed to an international protocol whereby the islands would be administered by Bhumidol, but open to researchers and students from around the world.

In August of 2015, a Vancouvian led coalition of 14 nations toppled the Chavam regime following reports of systematic human rights abuses from Bhumidol. The nation conditionally surrenderred to Vancouvian forces, undergoing a series of political reforms which saw the establishment of the nation's first democracy. On Bhumhalese New Year in 2016, Ganaraja Jayalithi S. Bodhai became the head of the nation's newly formed republican democracy, following the end of the end of the provisional Emergency Administration and the deposition of the last Chakraborty Emperor, making her the first female leader of the nation in 1,200 years. Since the Bhumidol Emergency, international observers have noted that Bhumidol has not remained committed to human rights, systematically sponsoring extra judicial killings and dissappearances, and supressing non-Buddhist religious expression and protest.

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Administrative Divisions

Bhumidol is administratively subdivided into 7 anganupas, and 3 janapadas. Although the Bhumhalese constitution defines each division type as having distinctly different levels of autonomy from the central government, in practice the autonomy of an anganupa or janapada tends to be arbitrarily apportioned and varied over time.

Anganupa, translates to, "Free Region", in English. The term is used to denote parts of Bhumidol which have either (1) historically composed an integral part of ancient Bhumidol, such as Brahmada Valley, or (2) regions colonized by Bhumhala people with no presence of any substantive native tribe/nation. Anganupas are under the direct control of the national government, each with varying levels of control and local control. Rajadhani for example is entirely under the contol of the central government, with locally elected assemblies having only an advisory role in administrative and legal matters. Himanya on the other hand votes for legislatures with tremendous clout in local issues, with the national government providing transfer payments for local government expenditures, and present only in the military installments across the anganupa.

Janapada, translates to, "Homeland Region", in English. The term is applied to minor nations historically conquered by Bhumidol and turned into administrative divisions more autonomous than anganupas. Raigyu, the minor nation of the Rai people became the first Bhumhalese janapada in 1784, when the Manimegalai Reforms formally subdivided the nation into anganupas and janapadas. Two years later in 1786, the Kahue people sucessfully petitioned the Emperor for their own janapada. The Bhumhalese-Namgrani War of 1816 led to the annexation of the neighboring Kingdom of Namagya and the creation of the nation's last janapada, which to this day goes by the same name. Although the constitution delineates janapadas as having supremacy on administrative matters which concern culture and local sensitivities, the genetic and cultural convergence of each of these ethnic groups with the Bhumhala ethnicity have left only minor cultural differences making janapadas more of a marker of historical boundaries than a symbol of any substantive political institution.

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Geography
Bhumidol has a total of 1,216 islands, of which 4 are part of the Pandiya Islands, and 6 are major islands integral to Bhumidol. The largest island is called, Mahabhumaidol, which is home to 98% of the nation's population. Mahabhumaidol is commonly called Mainland Bhumidol in English. Manimegalai Island is another major island off the coast of Amravarti. The island has historically been home to monks of the Shyama-Dhyan School of Buddhism. The Janapada of Namagaya contains the remaining 4 major islands which from north to south are named Garuda, Subhdevya, Sundaram, and Kabugjo.

Around 69% of Bhumidol is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for typical modern agricultural, industrial, or residential use. As a result, habitable areas, which are mainly located along river valleys, are densely populated. A sizeable portion of the nation's population (around 6%) live in traditional or atypical structures in the nation's high mountains or isolated ravines.

Bhumidol is in the southeastern part of The Western Isles. It is located to the west of Linaviar, to the north of Great estheria, and to the northeast of the Bhumhalese possesion, the Pandiya Islands.

Climate

The climate of Bhumidol varies greatly, but is defined as whole by the Indrabhav, a local name to characterize the wet and snowy winters. During the winter, Eastern and Southern Bhumidol become humid and recieve large amounts of rainfall and snowfall. The summer for these regions of the nation are dry and hot, while the winter snowpack on the Himanya mountains feed the three major rivers of Bhumidol (Brahmada, Raigyu, Sebadhara). Western Bhumidol sits in the rainshadow of the Eastern Himanya range, and thus remains much drier than the rest of the nation on average. The Pandiya Islands are the only part of Bhumidol with a tropical rainforest climate year-round.

According to the Köppen climate classification system, the nation is subdivided into 8 climate zones. The Valleys of Brahmada and Raigyu are classified as hot-summer mediterranean climates (Csa), due to their hot and dry summers, and the winter monsoon which they experience. Most of the Himanya mountains and Rajadhani Valley are part of the continental subarctic climates (Dsd, Dwd, Dfd). Rajadhani and most of the Himanya mountains consistently have colder temperatures than the lower valleys year round, and see severe winters with considerable levels of snowfall. The highest parts of the Himanya Mountains which surround the capital experience a tundra climate (ET), with temperatures barely exceeding 0 °C for one month in the summer. All of Western Bhumidol, with the exception of Sebameghar Valley, exerience a dry, cold continential/subarctic climate (Dwc), due to its high elevation and the rainshadow effect of the Eastern Himanyas. Sebameghar Valley experiences a relatively dry, cold-summer mediterranean climate (Csc), due to less oceanic temperature moderation than the other two valleys of Bhumidol. The Pandiya Islands remain relatively hot, humid, and rainy year round, and are thus the only part of Bhumidol classified as a tropical rainforest climate (Af).

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Demographics

According to the latest census carried out in October, 2015, Bhumidol has 24,551,324 citizens. Around 96% of the population lives on mainland Bhumidol. 98% of the nation's citizens are ethnically Bhumhalese, meaning that they belong to one of the four traditional ethnic groups of Bhumidol: Bhumhala, Rai, Namgrani, or Yakkha. The remaining 2% of the population is made up peoples from foreign nations, though there is a small minority of non-traditional ethnic Bhumhalese citizens numbering ~12,000.

Of the four traditional ethnic groups, the Bhumhala ethnic group is the most dominant, while the Rai, Namgrani, and Yakkha ethnic groups are minority groups. Though the Bhumhala are a caucasian ethnicity, the Rai and Namgrani are an australoid ethnicity, and the Yakkha are a mongoloid ethnicity, years of intermixing have erased most of the physical racial differences between the ethnic groups. Thus, despite being different ethnic groups, the four traditional ethnic groups mainly differ in style of traditional Buddhist worship, local cuisine, and dialect of Bhumhalese spoken. As such, most Bhumhalese and the Bhumhalese government recognize Bhumidol as a nation state of the Bhumhalese people, rather than a multiethnic state.

Around 2% of the populace is composed of non-Bhumhalese ethnic groups. A large portion of this percentage is composed of Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, Alkovian and Aapelistanian people, the later of two being from New aapelistan. Dutch people have had a historical prescence in Bhumidol, coming from the only Western nation that the nation traded with prior to the Manimegalai Reforms. The presence of East Asians has increased in recent years due to greater economic cooperation with East Asia. The Alkovian and Aapelistanian people in Bhumidol fled to the nation following the Aapelistanian Revolution of 1968, which saw the current communist government in New Aapelistan come to power.

Bhumidol has the highest life-expectancy amongst South Asian nations, standing at 82.4 for people born after 2010, and 80.7 on average. The Bhumhalese population is starting to age as a result of a post WWII population boom, and decline in fertility in the years following the dissolution of Chavam Bhumidol. The population of Bhumidol peaked at around 26.1 million in 2012, and is expected to continue to decline if current trends remain constant, to 17.3 million by 2050.

Demographers and government planners are currently debating solutions to the nation's potential population problem. Demographers have proposed increasing immigration and naturalization, which currently has a limit of 1,200 naturalizations per year. Government planners however have consistently stated their concern that new immigration may cause expensive social friction (i.e. additional crime, destruction of communal institutions like religion) that the government would not be able to resolve.

Language
The official language of Bhumidol is the standard Rajadhani dialect of Bhumhalese. 99% of citizens reported Bhumhalese as their first language, with less than 1% reporting another language as their first. The Manimegalai Reforms in the 18th century saw the first forced nationwide standardization of the Bhumhalese language, with all citizens required to speak in the more formal and delicate dialect of the capital. Although historically, many dozens of dialects of Bhumhalese existed, there are only 6 dialects of Bhumhalese in modern times: Rajadhani, Upabrahmath, Sudhyabrahmath, Amravarti, Raigiri, and Namgiri dialects.

Bhumhalese is written in the abugida, Devanagari script from left to right, consisting of 11 vowels and 33 consonants. The vast majority of Bhumhalese is derived from Sanskrit, the holy language of the nation's religion, Vajrayana Buddhism. Words can be divided into 5 categories: (1) Tatsama - words borrowed unchanged from Sanskrit, (2) Ardhatatsama - words borrowed from Sanskrit with minor tonal changes, (3) Tadbhava - words derived from a Sanskrit counterpart, (4) Swarej - native words with no foreign origin, and (5) Videshi - words borrowed from foreign languages.

Despite not having official recognition, English is widely spoken across Bhumidol with over 80% of the nation's citizens fluent and literate, and with virtually all citizens capable of conversing intelligibly in this language. English fluency has been pushed by the government since the educational reforms undergone under Chavam Bhumidol due to its importance in international trade.

Religion

62.8% of the population is Nonreligious (Atheist/Agnostic), while 34.9% of the population is a member of a Buddhist school. The remaining 2.3% of the population follows designated Vidhegi Religions (English: Foreign-Origin Religions), which include Taoism, Christianity, and Hinduism (in order of most followers).

Bhumhalese Buddhism is composed of 3 Vajrayana schools: Mahatrikaruna, Shyama-Dhyan, and Gudharatri. The vast majority of Bhumhalese Buddhists adhere to some sect of Mahatrikaruna, which is the most modernized and liberal of the three schools. Shyama-Dhyan practitioners are more common in rural areas in Brahmada Valley and in working-class neighborhoods in Amravarti, following a conservative Vajrayana variant of Dhyana in Mahayana Buddhism. The Gudharatri school is the most reclusive of the three school, being highly selective of its membership and having no major public following.

Affiliation to Buddhism declined dramatically following the collapse of the clerical-fascist, Chavam regime in 1981. Most studies conducted by demographers have concluded that the irreligiousity of modern Bhumidol is largely a result of (1) the disenfranchisement resulting from clerical abuses during the Chavam regime, (2) the recognition of irreligion, and (3) the advent of globalization.

While the Bhumhalese constitution guaruntees freedom of religion, the official state religion of Bhumidol is Vajrayana Buddhism according to amendment XI of the constitution. In 2013, the Supreme Court set a precedent in the case of Josephine v. Bhumidol, affirming that the instantiation of a state religion does not contradict secularism, adding that the designation of Vajrayana Buddhism as the state religion was, "done under [good faith] to... preserve the cultural heritage of the nation, [under] the circumstances of the declining legitimacy and importance of religion [in modern times]".

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Government

The Bhumhalese government follows a hybrid form of a Western-styled Presidential Republic, and an Indian-styled Unitary Republic with varying levels of regional devolution. The government is formally defined by the Rajyadharmam, which is roughly construed to mean, constitution, in English. The Rajyadharmam, which properly translated means, "The Laws and Nature of How the Government Should Work", differs from a Western constitution in that the document exists as a large treastise, rather than a series of consistent delineated points on the limits and form of the government.

In keeping with the structure of a treastise, the Rajyadharmam contains a series of recomended governmental structures which sometimes contradict with each other, and most of the time leave room for ample reinterpretation. Few restrictions on the government are offered, though the Supreme Court has interpreted the treastise's continual assertation of a needed high court as a proclamation of nidana naisthya (English: Primary Authority in Law). As such, the Supreme Court is tasked with creating a formalized structure of government in accordance to the Rajyadharmam, and may evoke a national plebiscite if they wish to amend or add to the treastise.

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The central government is divided amongst three branches in accordance to the Western Republican Tradition, with the executive branch being led by the Ganaraja, the legislative branch being occupied by the nation's legislature, the Rajya Sabha, and the judicial branch being led by the Bhumhalese Supreme Court.

The Ganaraja is the Bhumhalese equiavalent to President or Prime Minister. They are choosen through the same mechanism which guides a parliamentary election - the ruling coalition is the one which chooses who the Ganaraja is. While in office, the Ganaraja operates with the same level of autonomy that the executive would have under the executive branch. The current Ganaraja, Jayalithi Bodhai, succeeded the regime of Ganaraja Ambhivan after he was removed from office in 2015. Ganaraja Bodhai was elected following Emergency General Elections on August 13th, 2015.

The Rajya Sabha, which translates to, "Legislature of the State", in English, is the unicameral legislative assembly of the Bhumhalese state. Every five years, in a year ending either in a 0 or 5, the government holds the, "Bhumhalese General Election", in which a new Rajya Sabha is elected, and the Ganaraja is either re-elected or newly choosen. The Office of the Ganaraja, and the legislative chamber, offices, and library are all located in Sivaputhagam Palace, which was formerlly the seat of the nation's dynastic emperors.

The Supreme Court of Bhumidol is the highest judicial organ of the nation, composed of 15 Supreme Justices, and unlike most republican democracies, has the ultimate command over the armed forces. It is tasked with the responsibility of interpreting the Rajyadharmam, and to rule against unconstitutional actions by the executive and legislative branches. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court oversees the RPC (Rajyadharmam Preservation Committee), a judicial emergency committee composed of the 15 Supreme Justices, and 10 citizens each selected from an Anganupa or Janapada.

Following the 2015 Bhumidol Emergency, the Rajyadharmam was reinterpreted to allow the RPC the ability to initiate a Vote of Decapacitation, wherein a Ganaraja who assumed dictatorial powers would be taken out of power by, (1) making the Chief Justice, Ganaraja pro tempore, (2) allowing the Supreme Court to assume control over the military and police for 30 days, and (3) to remove the Ganaraja from office without an impeachment trial, and to enact an Emergency Administration for temporary administration and new elections. If 4/5ths of the RPC votes to decapacitate the Ganaraja, or if all 10 citizen members vote to decapacitate the Ganaraja, the Supreme Court enacts the process of decapacitating the Ganaraja and their administration.

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Foreign Relations and Military

Bhumidol maintains relations with many nations across The Western Isles. It is a member of the ISDP (International Sangha Defense Pact), and maintains positive relations with nations that intend to enter mutually beneficial bilateral relations with Bhumidol. The nation has no clear lithmus test for which nations consitute potential partners and advesaries, and befriends nations on the basis of their intent to respect Bhumhalese values and people. Bhumidol's closest relations are with New aapelistan, a communist nation which Bhumidol has maintained close relations with for half a century. The nation is currently most cautious of Vancouvia, as a result of its 2015 invasion of Bhumidol on the pretense of protecting human rights.

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Economy

The Bhumhalese economy is a major economy within the Western Isles worth nearly $1 trillion. As of 2015, Bhumidol's public debt is estimated to be 65% of its GDP, a figure that has declined over the past few decades as a result of conservative fiscal policy which saw the education sector privatized and welfare payments reduced. The service sector accounts for roughly 71% of Bhumidol's GDP, while industry and agriculture account for another 24% and 5% respectively.

Bhumidol has a sizeable industrial capacity, and is home to several technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics, and machine tools. The nation is home to many large banking and financial institutions which provide credit across the nation and the Western Isles.

Around 72% of the nation's economic activity is conducted in and around the nation's two largest cities, Rajadhani and Amravarti. Amravarti is home to the vast majority of the nation's manufacturing sector, while both cities host most of the nation's high-end service sector. Brahmada Valley, which is sandwiched between the two major cities, hosts another 17% of the nation's economic output mainly in the form of agriculture and services provided to middle and upper class residents in the sprawling suburbs of Rajadhani and Amravarti.

Economic History
The origins of the nation's modern economy can be traced back to the Manimegalai Reforms undergone by the Chakraborty Dynasty in 1784. The reforms saw the establishment of additional roadways across the nation, and the birth of the Bhumhalese Industrial Revolution. In 1790, Emperor Sukrabhatam IV enacted reforms which legalized usury, and encourged gold smiths across the nation to lend their gold. At the turn of the century, several private banks, such as the Merchant's Union of Meru (now MeruGroup), were established between members of the merchant class and nobility. The embrace of a market economy by the early 19th century saw Bhumidol became the only post-industrial developed South Asian nation.

Culture

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Infrastructure

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Energy
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