Council of Constructed Languages

CONSONANT OUTCOMES
INITIAL/MEDIAL FINAL (deletion unless otherwise noted)
א /ʔ/ > (deletion+high tone) (deletion+high tone)
ב /b/ > b /p/ (low) /u/ final (falling tone)
ג /g/ > g /k/ (low) (falling tone)
ד /d/ > d /t/ (low) /i/ final (falling tone)
ה /h/ > (deletion+low tone) (deletion+low tone)
ו /w/ > f /f/ (low) /u/ final
ז /z/ > z /t͡s/ (low)
ח /ħ/ > h /x~h/ (high)
ט /tˤ/ > zh /ʈ͡ʂ/ (high)
י /j/ > y /j/ (low) /i/ final
כ /k/ > k /kʰ/ (high)
ל /l/ > l /l/ (low) /i/ final
מ /m/ > m /m/ (low) /n/ (n) final (falling tone)
נ /n/ > n /n/ (low) /n/ (n) final (rising tone)
ס /s/ > s /s/ (high)
ע /ʕ/ > w /w/ (low) /ŋ/ (ng) final
פ /p/ > p /pʰ/ (high)
צ /sˤ/ > c /t͡sʰ/ (high)
ק /q/ > ch /ʈ͡ʂʰ/ (high) (rising tone)
ר /r/ > r /ɻ ~ ʐ/ (low) /ɻ / (r) final
ש /ʃ/ > sh /ʂ/ (high)
ת /t/ > t /tʰ/ (high) /i/ final (rising tone)

medial h/ʔ creates initial rising/falling tones, as in:
beʔer (well) > bùi-ér = bǔir

Rising tone: ǎěǐǒǔ
Falling tone: âêîôû
High tone: áéíóú
Low tone: àèìòù

If a word ends in a consonant, a final "ë" must be added

VOWELS
INITIAL SYLLABLE OTHER
ə (schwa) > ë [ɤ] ë [ɤ~ə]
a > uo [wo]; word initially wo o [o]; ao [au̯] word finally
ɛ > a [a] a [a]
e > ui [wei̯], word initially wei ei [ei̯] (free), e [ɛ] (checked)
i > i [i]; word initially yi i [ɪ~ɤ]
o > u [u] (free), [ʊ] (checked) u [u] (free), [ʊ] (checked)
u > ü [y], word initially yü ü [y]
Ü AND Ë CANNOT HAVE TONE

NOUNS
keleb (male dog) > ká lâo
kalba (female dog) > kúo lë bào
malik (king) > mùo li
mamleket (kingdom) > mùo më la kái
medina (state) > mùi di nào
egartah (letter) > wéi gor tào

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

ní = I
tá = you (singular)
há = he, she, it, they (singular)

àn = we
tàn = you (plural)
hàn = they (plural)

SYNTAX

SVO = Subject, Object, Indirect Object, Direct Object

ní küe tu lí mùo li = I write to the King
ní kúo tao tâo ìn mùo li = I corresponded with the King
há kúo tâo lí àn (wěi) wéi gor tào = he/she wrote a/the letter to us

prepositional objects can precede subject for emphasis but SVO remains
ìn mùo li ní küe tu tu = I correspond with the King (specifically).
lí àn há kúo tâo wěi wéi gor tào = he/she wrote a/the letter to us (specifically).

NO CASE MARKING, NO GRAMMATICAL GENDER

VERBAL PARADIGMS

verbs have both a "present stem" and a "past stem" that correspond to the prefix and suffix conjugations of the other emnitic languages
regular present stems have the pattern Cüe CiaC (following the final rules)
regular past stems have the pattern Ca CeC (following the final rules)
i.e. -ktob, katab = küe tu, kúo tâo
i.e. -pʕol, paʕal = püe wu, púo wai

for intensive, double second syllable and shift tone, i.e.:
küe tu = he writes; küe tu tu = he corresponds
kúo tâo = he wrote; kúo tao tâo = he corresponded

for causative, the syllable ha is added, i.e.:
küe tu = he writes; ha küe tu = he has (something) written
kúo tâo = he wrote; ha kúo tâo = he had (something) written

for reflexive/passive, the syllable wei is added, i.e.:
küe tu = he writes; wei küe tu = he writes to himself
kúo tâo = he wrote; wei kúo tâo = he wrote to himself

TO BE

hà yâ = invariable copula

NEGATION

liâo = not

há liâo hà yâ mùo li = he isn't the king

copula can be omitted in X isn't Y statements, but not in positive X is Y statements
há hà yâ mùo li = he is the king
há liâo mùo li = he isn't the king

Basic prepositions:
wěi = direct object marker
bí = in, on
lí = to, for
gë = like, as
mǐn = from
dë = of (classifier/genitive marker)
mùo li dë ká lâo = the king's dog
shúo li dë ká lâo = three dogs
ìn = with