by Max Barry

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Region: The Democratic Republic

Advanced ABM Guidance Systems.

As a joint effort between 4 nations to build Anti-Ballistic Missiles, providing invaluable defense against potential nuclear missile strikes, the United Monatian Asian Federation also joins in this pact to provide development of advanced missile guidance systems, to be outfitted within the ABM systems. Such work and experiences gained from the joint project would also be used to develop the nation's future missile technologies. An approximate of a few billion dollars is funded to start the creation of the AGS MD series, and immediately shipped to the Western Australia and into the capital city of Perth of the Swanovian Republic. In the year 2020, Project Sky Eye officially commences in Japan, Koreas, and Taiwan. 

The details of project is listed below.

Radar homing
Active homing
active radar homing
Active homing uses a radar system on the missile to provide a guidance signal. Typically, electronics in the missile keep the radar pointed directly at the target, and the missile then looks at this "angle" of its own centerline to guide itself. Radar resolution is based on the size of the antenna, so in a smaller missile these systems are useful for attacking only large targets, ships or large bombers for instance. Active radar systems remain in widespread use in anti-shipping missiles, and in "fire-and-forget" air-to-air missile systems such as AIM-120 AMRAAM and R-77

Semi-active homing
Main article: Semi-active radar homing
Semi-active homing systems combine a passive radar receiver on the missile with a separate targeting radar that "illuminates" the target. Since the missile is typically being launched after the target was detected using a powerful radar system, it makes sense to use that same radar system to track the target, thereby avoiding problems with resolution or power, and reducing the weight of the missile. Semi-active radar homing (SARH) is by far the most common "all weather" guidance solution for anti-aircraft systems, both ground- and air-launched.

It has the disadvantage for air-launched systems that the launch aircraft must keep moving towards the target in order to maintain radar and guidance lock. This has the potential to bring the aircraft within range of shorter-ranged IR-guided (infrared-guided) missile systems. It is an important consideration now that "all aspect" IR missiles are capable of "kills" from head on, something which did not prevail in the early days of guided missiles. For ships and mobile or fixed ground-based systems, this is irrelevant as the speed (and often size) of the launch platform precludes "running away" from the target or opening the range so as to make the enemy attack fail.

SALH is similar to SARH but uses a laser as a signal. Another difference is that most laser-guided weapons employ a turret-mounted laser designator which increases the launching aircraft's ability to maneuver after launch. How much maneuvering can be done by the guiding aircraft will depend on the turret field of view and the system's ability to maintain a lock-on while maneuvering. As most air-launched, laser-guided munitions are employed against surface targets the designator providing the guidance to the missile need not be the launching aircraft; designation can be provided by another aircraft or by a completely separate source (frequently troops on the ground equipped with the appropriate laser designator).

Passive homing
passive radar
Infrared homing is a passive system that homes in on the heat generated by the target. Typically used in the anti-aircraft role to track the heat of jet engines, it has also been used in the anti-vehicle role with some success. This means of guidance is sometimes also referred to as "heat seeking".

Contrast seekers use a television camera, typically black and white, to image a field of view in front of the missile, which is presented to the operator. When launched, the electronics in the missile look for the spot on the image where the contrast changes the fastest, both vertically and horizontally, and then attempts to keep that spot at a constant location in its view. Contrast seekers have been used for air-to-ground missiles, including the AGM-65 Maverick, because most ground targets can be distinguished only by visual means. However they rely on there being strong contrast changes to track, and even traditional camouflage can render them unable to "lock on".

Retransmission homing
Track-via-missile
Retransmission homing, also called Track Via Missile or TVM, is a hybrid between command guidance, semi-active radar homing and active radar homing. The missile picks up radiation broadcast by the tracking radar, which bounces off the target and relays it to the tracking station, which relays commands back to the missile.

The guidance computer and the missile tracker are located in the missile. The lack of target tracking in GOLIS necessarily implies Navigational Guidance.

Navigational guidance is any type of guidance executed by a system without a target tracker. The other two units are on board the missile. These systems are also known as self-contained guidance systems; however, they are not always entirely autonomous due to the missile trackers used. They are subdivided by their missile tracker's function as follows:

Entirely autonomous - Systems where the missile tracker does not depend on any external navigation source, and can be divided into:
Inertial Guidance
With Gimballed gyrostabilized platform or Fluid-suspended gyrostabilized platform
With Strapdown inertial guidance
Preset Guidance
Dependent on natural sources - Navigational guidance systems where the missile tracker depends on a natural external source:
Celestial Guidance
Astro-inertial guidance
Terrestrial Guidance
Topographic Reconnaissance (Ex: TERCOM)
Photographic Reconnaissance (Ex: DSMAC)
Magnetic guidance
Dependent on artificial sources - Navigational guidance systems where the missile tracker depends on an artificial external source:
Satellite Navigation
Global Positioning System (GPS)
GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
Hyperbolic Navigation
DECCA
LORAN C

Inertial guidance

Inspection of MM III missile guidance system
Inertial Guidance uses sensitive measurement devices to calculate the location of the missile due to the acceleration put on it after leaving a known position. Early mechanical systems were not very accurate, and required some sort of external adjustment to allow them to hit targets even the size of a city. Modern systems use solid state ring laser gyros that are accurate to within metres over ranges of 10,000 km, and no longer require additional inputs. Gyroscope development has culminated in the AIRS found on the MX missile, allowing for an accuracy of less than 100m at intercontinental ranges. Many civilian aircraft use inertial guidance using the ring laser gyroscope, which is less accurate than the mechanical systems found in ICBMs, but which provide an inexpensive means of attaining a fairly accurate fix on location (when most airliners such as Boeing's 707 and 747 were designed, GPS was not the widely commercially available means of tracking that it is today). Today guided weapons can use a combination of INS, GPS and radar terrain mapping to achieve extremely high levels of accuracy such as that found in modern cruise missiles.

Inertial guidance is most favored for the initial guidance and reentry vehicles of strategic missiles, because it has no external signal and cannot be jammed. Additionally, the relatively low precision of this guidance method is less of an issue for large nuclear warheads.

Astro-inertial guidance
Inertial navigation system and Celestial navigation
The astro-inertial guidance is a sensor fusion/information fusion of the inertial guidance and celestial navigation. It is usually employed on submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Unlike silo-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, whose launch point does not move and thus can serve as a reference, SLBMs are launched from moving submarines, which complicates the necessary navigational calculations and increases Circular error probable. This stellar-inertial guidance is used to correct small position and velocity errors that result from launch condition uncertainties due to errors in the submarine navigation system and errors that may have accumulated in the guidance system during the flight due to imperfect instrument calibration.

It uses star positioning to fine-tune the accuracy of the inertial guidance system after launch. As the accuracy of a missile is dependent upon the guidance system knowing the exact position of the missile at any given moment during its flight, the fact that stars are a fixed reference point from which to calculate that position makes this a potentially very effective means of improving accuracy.

In the Trident missile system this was achieved by a single camera that was trained to spot just one star in its expected position if it was not quite aligned to where it should be then this would indicate that the inertial system was not precisely on target and a correction would be made.

Terrestrial guidance
TERCOM and TERCOM § DSMC
TERCOM, for "terrain contour matching", uses altitude maps of the strip of land from the launch site to the target, and compares them with information from a radar altimeter on board. More sophisticated TERCOM systems allow the missile to fly a complex route over a full 3D map, instead of flying directly to the target. TERCOM is the typical system for cruise missile guidance, but is being supplanted by GPS systems and by DSMAC, Digital Scene-Matching Area Correlator, which employs a camera to view an area of land, digitizes the view, and compares it to stored scenes in an onboard computer to guide the missile to its target.

DSMAC is reputed to be so lacking in robustness that destruction of prominent buildings marked in the system's internal map (such as by a preceding cruise missile) upsets its navigation.

**The joint project, now the UMAF's biggest defense weapon industry, Aegear DEFCOM, taking on the leading challenges of the project. To tackle the AGS various methods to intercept and destroy ICBMs. Details listed down below.**

Boost phase
Intercepting the missile while its rocket motors are firing, usually over the launch territory (e.g., American aircraft-mounted laser weapon Boeing YAL-1 [program canceled]).

Advantages:

Bright, hot rocket exhaust makes detection and targeting easier.
Decoys cannot be used during the boost phase.
At this stage, the missile is full of flammable propellant, which makes it very vulnerable to explosive warheads.
Disadvantages:

Difficult to geographically position interceptors to intercept missiles in boost phase (not always possible without flying over hostile territory).
Short time for intercept (typically about 180 seconds).
Mid-course phase
Intercepting the missile in space after the rocket burns out (example: American Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD), Chinese SC-19 & DN-series missiles, Israeli Arrow 3 missile).

Advantages:

Extended decision/intercept time (the coast period through space before reentering the atmosphere can be several minutes, up to 20 minutes for an ICBM).
Very large geographic defensive coverage; potentially continental.
Disadvantages:

Requires large, heavy anti-ballistic missiles and sophisticated powerful radar which must often be augmented by space-based sensors.
Must handle potential space-based decoys.
Terminal phase
Intercepting the missile after it reenters the atmosphere (examples: American Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, Chinese HQ-29, American THAAD, American Sprint, Russian ABM-3 Gazelle)

Advantages:

Smaller, lighter anti-ballistic missile is sufficient.
Balloon decoys do not work during reentry.
Smaller, less sophisticated radar required.
Disadvantages:

Very short intercept time, possibly less than 30 seconds.
Less defended geographic coverage.
Possible blanketing of target area with hazardous materials in the case of detonation of nuclear warhead(s).
Intercept location relative to the atmosphere
Missile defense can take place either inside (endoatmospheric) or outside (exoatmospheric) the Earth's atmosphere. The trajectory of most ballistic missiles takes them inside and outside the Earth's atmosphere, and they can be intercepted in either place. There are advantages and disadvantages to either intercept technique.

Some missiles such as THAAD can intercept both inside and outside the Earth's atmosphere, giving two intercept opportunities.

Endoatmospheric
Endoatmospheric anti-ballistic missiles are usually shorter ranged (e.g., American MIM-104 Patriot Indian Advanced Air Defence).

Advantages:

Physically smaller and lighter
Easier to move and deploy
Endoatmospheric intercept means balloon-type decoys won't work
Disadvantages:

Limited range and defended area
Limited decision and tracking time for the incoming warhead
Exoatmospheric
Exoatmospheric anti-ballistic missiles are usually longer-ranged (e.g., American GMD, Ground-Based Midcourse Defense).

Advantages:

More decision and tracking time
Fewer missiles required for defense of a larger area
Disadvantages:

Larger/heavier missiles required
More difficult to transport and place compared to smaller missiles
Must handle decoys

**details are classified and only the members included in the joint project will only know said details irp.**

Buccinasco

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