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Das Kaiserreich | Überblick
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Overview
"Gott mit uns"
"God with us"
Official Language: | German |
Ethnic Groups: | German 80.0% Other Europeans 15.3% Asians 1.7% African 0.7% Americans 0.5% Other 1.8% |
Capital & Largest City: | Berlin |
Demonym: | German |
Population: | 82,226,004 |
Area: | 468,787 km2 181,000 sq.mi. |
Holy Roman Empire | 2 February 962 |
Confederation | 8 June 1815 |
First German Empire | 18 January 1871 |
Weimar Republic | 11 August 1919 |
Third Reich | 24 March 1933 |
Second German Empire | 15 July 1950 |
Reunification | 3 October 1990 |
| Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
Monarch | Wilhelm IV |
Chancellor | Franz Berger |
Legislature: | Reichstag |
Upper House | Reichstag |
Lower House | Bundesrat |
GDP (PPP): | 2020 Estimate |
Total | $3.463 trillion |
Per capita | $48,128 |
GDP (nominal): | 2020 Estimate |
Total | $3.194 trillion |
Per capita | $47,128 |
Gini (2020): | 36.7 |
medium |
HDI (2020): | 0.921 |
very high |
Currency: | Deutsch Mark (˚) (DEU) |
Timezone | UTM +1, +2 |
Date Format: | DD/M/YYYY |
Drives on the | right |
Calling Code: | 49 |
ISO Code: | DK |
Internet TLD: | .de |
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich), officially the Second German Empire (German: Zweites Deutsches Kaiserreich), shorthand Germany (German: Deutschland) is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy in central Europe. It includes 17 constituent states, and covers an area of TBD, and has a temperate climate. With around 82 million citizens, Germany is one of the most populous states in Europe. The nation's largest city and capital is Berlin. Other major urban areas include Ruhr, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, and Düsseldorf.
Various Germanic tribes have populated the area known today as Germany since antiquity. The Roman Empire called the area Germania as early as 100 CE. During the Migration Period, Germanic tribes slowly filtered southward as Rome weakened, and in the ages that followed became a regional power. In the 10th Century, the Holy Roman Empire was formed, its heartland made up of former Germanic territories. During the 16th Century, the northern regions of the Holy Roman Empire were the at the center of the Protestant Reformation.
In 1815, the German territories of the former Holy Roman Empire (which had collapsed in 1806) formed the First Confederation, the first attempt at unifying the Germanic provinces into a cohesive national unit. However, the confederacy was weak and far from unified. Six decades would pass until the formation of the first true German nation state in 1871, the German provinces unifying into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. Following the first World War and the resulting German Revolution in 1918, the Weimar Republic supplanted the Empire as the ruling entity of the Empire. In the economic hardship that followed, a national socialist dictatorship known as the Third Reich arose in 1933, plunging Europe into a maelstrom of genocide and a second World War. The Third Reich was ultimately defeated, and the victorious Allies established the Occupational Authority interim government as a check to Soviet-occupied East Germany. In 1950, full sovereignty was returned to Germany, and the imperial throne was restored, marking the creation of the Second German Empire. In the 1950s and '60s, the Economic Miracle pushed the Allies to formally grant relative independence to West Germany in order to better counter the eastern Soviet threat. East Germany was released by the faltering Soviet Union in 1990, and in October the same year the people of the Empire, then popularly known as West Germany, voted to reunify with the east, restoring German unity for the first time since the 1940s. East Prussia, long officially a part of West Germany but occupied by the Soviets, was returned to German control in 1991.
In the 21st Century, Germany remains a global player, and has one of the strongest economies by nominal and PPP GDP. It remains a leader in several industrial and technology sectors, and is one of the world's largest importers/exporters. Germany is a developed nation, and has a high standard of living. It enjoys a highly productive workforce and employs a regionalized version of social security and universal healthcare. Tuition-free universities exist throughout the country.
Etymology
The Anglicized Germany is derived from the name of the territory of modern Germany given by the Romans, Germania. The term was first used following the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar, referring to the lands of the peoples east of the Rhine River. In German, the term Deutschland (originally diutisciu land - the German lands) is derived from the word deutsch, which in turn comes from the Old High German diutisc, meaning "popular". This older term was originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin. Diutisc itself has roots even farther back in Proto-German - piudiskaz, "popular". The Proto-Indo-European word from which this word comes, meaning "people", tewtéh, is also the word where "Teutons" originates.
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Geography
Germany is located in Central Europe, as well as the East Prussian exclave in Eastern Europe. Denmark borders the nation to the north, the Danzig-Polish State to the east, Czechia to the east, Austria to the southeast, Switzerland to the southwest, and France and the Benelux nations to the west. By virtue of the East Prussian exclave, the nation is also bordered by Lithuania. It lies mainly between the 47º and 55ºN latitudes, and the 5º and 16ºE longitudes. The East Prussian exclave is located at 54ºN 21ºE. The North Sea (Nordsee) and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) make up the northwestern and northeastern coasts, respectively, bisected by the Danish peninsula. The nation, specifically Baden-Württemberg, also shares Lake Constance with Switzerland and Austria. The nation covers in total TBD.
Elevation changes in the nation range from the Alps to the northern lowlands. The highest point in Germany is the Zugspitze in the Bavarian Alps, reaching a height of 2,962 meters, or 9,718 feet. The lowest point lies in Wilstermarsch in Schleswig-Holstein, at 3.54 meters (11.6 feet) below sea level. The Rhine, Danube, and Elbe rivers flow through the central forests and northern lowlands. Many of Germany's alpine glaciers have experienced deglaciation due to climate change, leaving only sparse remnants behind. The East Prussian exclave is an important German Baltic naval and trade port, bordered by the Baltic Sea and surrounded by the Danzig-Polish state and Lithuania, and is traversed by the Pregel and Angerapp rivers. The nation also contains such resources as iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land, and water.
Climate
Most of the German Republics have a temperate, seasonal climate which are dictated by humid westerlies. The country proper is located between the oceanic Western and continental Eastern European climate zones. The East Prussian exclave, however, is completely within the temperate continental Eastern European climate zone. The climate is moderated by the North Atlantic Drift, which itself is a northern extension of the greater Gulf Stream. Warmer water meeting the colder North Sea result in the north/northeast parts of the country experiencing the oceanic climate of Western Europe. The nation gets on average 789 mm (31 in) of rain per year, and there is no real dry season. Winters are mild, and summers tend to be warm and humid, with temperatures often reaching past 30 ºC (86 ºF).
The eastern reaches, as well as the East Prussian exclave, experience a temperate continental climate. The winters are often much colder than in the rest of the country, and summers are warmer. Longer periods of dryness can occur. The transition zone lies in Central and Southern Germany, where moderately oceanic climate slowly becomes moderate continental. The highlands of the German Alps experience and Alpine climate.
Biodiversity
The territory of Germany can be subdivided into two ecoregions: European-Mediterranean montane mixed forests and Northeast-Atlantic shelf marine. The majority of Germany is covered by either arable land or forest and woodland. Only 13.4% of the area consists of permanent pastures, 11.8% is covered by settlements and streets.
Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. Beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute one-third of the forests; conifers are increasing as a result of reforestation. Spruce and fir trees predominate in the upper mountains, while pine and larch are found in sandy soil. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include roe deer, wild boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of the Eurasian beaver. The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol.
The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park, the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich National Park, the Black Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest National Park and the Berchtesgaden National Park. In addition, there are 15 Biosphere Reserves, as well as 98 nature parks. More than 400 registered zoos and animal parks operate in Germany, which is believed to be the largest number in any country. The Berlin Zoo, opened in 1844, is the oldest zoo in Germany, and presents the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.
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Politics
Germany is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
Foreign Relations
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Military
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Economics
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Demographics
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Culture
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