From approximately 200 BCE through 50 BCE, small unions and statelets began to emerge as a population boom brought competition between humans and draconids. It is at this time that both species began to isolate from the other, and the long era of shifting allegiances of convenience ended; human communities sought to ally with other humans while draconid communities began to ally with other draconids. Skirmishes were not uncommon, especially as clans and tribes merged and reformed with successive leaders and political marriages.

Two States Period and Foundation

From 50 BCE onwards, two countries had essentially emerged in what is today Tramontanum: a Realm of Humans and a Realm of Draconids. At the outset, this period was very peaceful as leadership in both Realms acknowledged and respected a relative balance of power. The two Realms engaged in vibrant trade and it was not unusual for citizens of one to reside in the other and vice-versa. Many smaller towns and tribes dotted the fringes of the land, often seen as too small or insignificant for the two Realms to conquer, or deemed untouchable in order to maintain the delicate balancing act between both realms.

In the year 3 CE, nomadic invaders began an onslaught from the southern reaches of the area, where there were no mountains to defend the territory. The Realm of Draconids, being further south, was hit hard and its population was decimated. The Realm of Humans, learning of the threat, took in many Draconid refugees and shored up Draconid defenses until an uneasy stalemate was achieved in 9 CE. This stalemate would last some 30 years, with sporadic violence, between the Realm of Humans, a tiny Realm of Draconids, and the conquered lands.

In 39 CE, a crop failure and the death of the nomadic chieftain led to the suddenly withdrawal of the invaders, who relinquished the land, any captured draconid slaves, and a number of free humans. The Realm of Draconids quickly reclaimed their lost territory, albeit with a much smaller population and infrastructure than before. Given the death toll and losses to slavery, the draconids would take centuries to recover.

At this same time, the Realm of Humans expanded to the western coast of modern day Tramontanum through political marriages and economic takeovers of independent cities. An economic boom ensued, and while trade with the Realm of Draconids was restored, it was no longer an equal relationship. In 223, after almost two centuries of expanding along the coast, the Realm of Humans and the Realm of Draconids came into competition over ownership of mixed-species lands that had very productive fisheries. Unable to resolve this difference, the two went to war. By 227, the Realm of Humans had a strong upper hand and had made some territorial gains, but had failed to defeat draconids or entirely take the prime fishing areas. The Dukes of each realm made peace and, seeing the mixed populations of both realms, merged through political marriages. Thus formed the Kingdom of Tramontanum under the human King Avarius; in theory a union of equals, but in reality under the control of humans.

Medieval Era

Renaissance Era

Modern Era

Although society is fairly liberal and open-minded, with many civil liberties, the Royal family and upper nobility are typically more conservative in their views and approaches. A communist republican movement is also gaining traction amongst working classes, but does not pose a major threat.

The media is not government controlled, but most media barons are literally Barons, giving a pro-nobility and mildly pro-royal narrative to the media. Independent publications and broadcasts exist, but are mostly web-based. The result is that younger generations, who distrust established media and turn to the web, are considerably more liberal than older generations.

Parliament
The nation has a bicameral parliament, consisting of a lower chamber (House of Commons) and an upper chamber (House of Lords). Both are non-partisan.

The House of Commons is elected by riding on a first-past-the-post system. All individuals aged 18 and over can vote. The House of Lords consists of any landed noble (or their representative) and is not elected. Prime Minister Rossana de Fusco is herself a Baroness with a seat in the House of Lords.

There are no political parties, and instead both chambers rely on factions. The Whigs and Tories are the two largest, representing the opposing forces of progressive change and conservative values respectively. A small Pragmatist faction exists in between, though an even smaller Leftist faction also has representation.

Although both chambers effectively rubber-stamp government policy, legislative victories are possible as the two houses can effectively pressure the government or royals to action. For example, both Houses worked constructively to first decriminalize and then legalize marijuana consumption, with members of both Houses engaging in a strong media campaign. Marriage equality and abortion rights are also on the agenda, but opinions are still very divided.

Noble families rely heavily on the gambling and tourism sectors, attracting visitors worldwide to indulge in its luxurious resorts, lively casinos, and scenic coastal retreats. Moreover, the nation's production of fine wines, artisanal crafts, and its vibrant cultural festivals contribute significantly to their, and the nation's, economy.

Mining is also an important activity providing wealth to nobles who have access to resources. The country is rich in rare-earth elements, salts, lithium, phosphates, and copper.

Information technology and banking are strong growth sectors and the country's many small and medium sized tech enterprises have overtaken tourism in terms of economic output and employment. Unlike mining, tourism, and gambling, these sectors' tax revenue contribute to the national coffers as opposed to the revenues of the nobility and are typically owned or established by commoners.

The coat of arms has a crown over a crest, representing the monarchy as leading the protection of the nation. Within the crest, the country's national animal (fallow deer) faces the two lesser crowns and sword. The two lesser crowns represent the two founding realms of the sentient species of Tramontanum - humans and draconids - while the sword going through them represents the binding force of the two under one authority.