The materials and materials sciences areas are two of Ioudaia's industrial strengths. The Old Kingdom produced what was then advanced steels, improving on the sophisticated metallurgy the Kabiruz brought with them. However, that advantage was lost for centuries, and it wasn't until the late 19th century that Ioudaia's steelmaking caught up to the rest of the Western Isles. Ioudaia didn't return to being one of the leaders in steelmaking until Roshan Shir Stratateh's dedication to reviving Ioudaia's tradition first reached fruition in the 1950s.

The Alloy Research Center has helped that expertise and innovation in steelmaking spread to other parts of Ioudaia's metallurgical industry. Now, Ioudaia's metallurgical companies lead the region in advanced technology.

Other parts of the materials science complex developed at their own paces. However, the lessons learned in the Eastern Seaboard War and the Imperial War included the the importance of reliable, high-quality materials for weapon-making. The development of jet aircraft only accelerated the need, and Ioudaian companies have risen to the challenge. This, in turn, lead to improvements in the mining and processing of ores and other raw materials, including the development of new tools and new tool materials for working them. This has lead to a virtuous cycle of advances.

More recently, space exploration has led to the need to develop light and strong materials, as well as materials with the unusual properties needed to survive the rigors of spaceflight. Now, Ioudaian companies are helping the Western Isles meet the challenges of global climate change.

• Palmassia Concrete manufactures cement and aggregate for all kinds of concrete, from quick dry cement to nanoconcrete cement and aggregate for high-performance uses, including pre-stressed structures and military facilities. Palmassia also builds concrete structures for both civil and military uses.

• Ornemion Polyconcrete produces polymer concretes, for long-lasting civil engineering projects.

Brick, Earthenware, and Stoneware

• Zeteomos Brick is Ioudaia's largest brick and earthenware producer, drawing from the vast clay beds in the eroded southern Leukoroseira and northern Nysos foothills. They produce all three common colors of brick (red, black, and white) with both plain and glazed finishes. Bricks with embossed patterns are available as well, in all colors and both finishes. Zeteomos also produces earthenware floor tiles, roof tiles, flowerpots, and other common earthenware goods.

• Consolidated Glassworks also produces earthenware and stoneware goods.

Porcelain

• Sagozhad-Tadman Company manufactures the whole range of porcelain plumbing fixtures for bathrooms and kitchens, homes and businesses. Their luxury home line includes electronic toilets and made-to-order sinks, with gold detailing available.

• Araxia Porcelain Company is Ioudaia's only producer of porcelain dinnerware. They have multiple brands, spanning the range from the upper middle class to middle upper class. Their plates, bowls, and other goods are known for elegant designs, including new patterns in traditional blue on white ware. Their Family Line brand puts semi-custom designs on dinnerware, with customers able to mix and match from dozens of standard pattern elements. They will also take requests to copy dinnerware to replace missing or damaged pieces, and are known for their skill at producing very close matches.

Araxia Porcelain manufactures several lines of bathroom sinks as well. Their top end is also semi-custom, though semi-custom sinks are quite pricey.

Specialty Ceramics

• Shariyath Firebrick Company produces a variety of high-temperature ceramics, including: alumina (including sapphire screens for phones and tablets), zirconia, silicon oxide, aluminosilica, and magnesia-chrome/chromia refractories. Their products are mostly used in the metal and ceramic industries, as they will survive extreme temperatures. Zirconia also used in the aerospace industry to produce parts exposed to extreme heat, such as the leading edges of hypersonic weapons.

• Aigassos Carbide manufactures strong carbides, specifically tungsten carbide and titanium carbide coatings for tools, and boron and silicon carbide for armor plates.

The latter led to research into related compounds, including SiOC (silicon oxycarbide), which, when used as a composite material, yields a radar-absorbing material. Aigassos Carbide is one of the two Ioudaian companies which makes stealthy materials for military uses.

• Consolidated Glassworks is Ioudaia's last general-purpose glass maker. They produce nearly all the common types of glass: window glass, bottle glass (and bottles themselves), drinking glasses, borosilicate glass cookware and labware, and optical glasses. In addition, Consolidated makes fiberglass (strands and woven sheets) and a variety of fiberglass products. They also produce a range of earthenware and stoneware goods.

• Nilakabat Glass Company produces specialty glass products and related materials. The manufacture borosilicate glassware, optical glass products, IR and UV windows for technical and military uses, transparent sapphire windows, and armor glass (both laminated silicate and sapphire armor glasses).

• ReGlass recycles single-color glass bottles and broken bottle glass into new bottles. Mixed-color broken glass and other kinds of glass are melted down into glass foam, used to produce low-density concrete.

• Roshan Shir Stratateh Steel (RSS Steel) is Ioudaia's leading producer of alloy steels. They make all kinds and grades of alloy steels: stainless steels, tool steels, steel armor, high-temperature steels, and others. RSS Steel produces the usual array of steel products: ingots, tubes, sheets, and rolls, but doesn't produce manufactured steel goods, preferring to focus on steel-making itself. They do, however, produce some of their own feedstocks, smelting and refining alloying metals to produce the highest-performance steel possible.

RSS Steel was once Ioudaia's largest steelmaker, producing almost 80% of Ioudaia's steel. However, the government felt that their near-monopoly suppressed other companies, and slowed Ioudaia's development of new steel products and production techniques. In 1983, as part of the government's national plan to spur high-tech industry, RSS was forced to sell most of its carbon steel business, along with other "non-core" businesses.

The government's plan worked, leading Amir Abas to develop Ioudaia's first mini-mills, which primarily use recycled steel as a raw material, and led RSS to focus on more sophisticated products. RSS sold off the rest of its carbon steel business in 1992, and is now one of the largest, most advanced, and most productive alloy steel makers in the Western Isles.

• Amir Abas Ironworks is Ioudaia's largest steel and iron maker. They primarily produce carbon steel, and also produce microalloyed steel and cast iron as well. They're Ioudaia's largest steel and iron recycler.

In addition to producing the standard industrial stock forms -- ingots, tubes, sheets, and rolls -- Amir Abas produces two lines of consumer goods. The first is cast iron cookware, and the second is cast iron and stainless steel kitchen and bathroom sinks, faucets, and other metal fittings. The stainless steel products are manufactured by T. L. Madozhad Industries as part of a joint venture. In both product lines, Amir Abas emphasizes their green credentials in using recycled materials.

• Leopard Steel is a large manufacture of carbon steel and alloy steel, but they're primarily known for their cast steel products. Leopard Steel produces a large range of cast steel products, including hydroelectric turbines, mining machinery, artillery, railroad car frames and bogies, and engine blocks. They're even capable of casting steel entire bridges, with spans up to 15 meters.

They also produce tool steels, especially large steel cutting, grinding, and crushing tools for the mining industry. Leopard Steel has vertically integrated so far as to work with LShG to produce a range of mining machines.

Leopard Steel produces the barrels for Ioudaia's current 180 mm artillery, and is paid by the Ministry of Defense to maintain the tooling needed to produce the older 240 mm and 300 mm naval artillery, in the event they should be needed again.

When RRS Steel was broken up by Ioudaia's business regulators for having a monopoly in the steel industry, Leopard acquired RRS's superalloy business. While their nickel-based superalloys are considered second rate to Ioudaia Superalloy's products, they produce state of the art cobalt- and iron-based superalloys as well.

• T. L. Madozhad Industries produces a wide range of stainless steel flatware and cookware, from basic to luxury (gilded and/or monogrammed table sets available upon request). For every budget, T. L. Madozhad has an affordable brand and at least one aspirational brand. They're known throughout the Western Isles for their fine carbon steel knives, cleavers, scissors, and shears. Like many other Ioudaian companies, they're vertically integrated, in this case, making their own Martenistic carbon- and stainless-steels for blades.

T. L. Madozhad also sells stainless steel products through joint ventures, selling stainless steel appliances with Zephyr, and stainless steel plumbing fixtures with Amir Abas Ironworks.

• Dalassenos Bronze is likely to be Ioudaia's oldest company. It has been owned by the Dalassenos family since at least the founding of Modern Ioudaia. A Silken Age letter indicates that the Dalassenos family delivered a set of brass trumpets to the government of Aipy, suggesting that the company was active then. Dalassenos Bronze produces a wide range of copper and copper alloy goods, including copper wire, vehicle suspension springs, musical instruments, ammunition cases, ships' propellers, and decorative goods.

• Fouldrey Aluminum is Ioudaia's largest aluminum producer.

• Ioudaia Superalloy produces nickel-based superalloys and manufactures goods from them, primarily for the aerospace and power industries, where they're often used to make turbine blades. They're also actively researching multi-principal-element superalloys which are believed to have superior properties, though at a greater cost.

• Leopard Steel also produces nickel-, iron-, and cobalt-based superalloys.

• Leukoroseira International has extensive mining operations throughout Euchalsideria and the Western Isles in general. They primarily mine high-volume ores of industrial metals – iron, ferroalloying metals, aluminum, titanium, copper, zinc, and tin – but they also mine precious metals and phosphates. Where it is profitable to do so, Leukoroseira International operates smelters to produce the metals themselves, usually where the ore contains two or more useful metals.

• Modern Magnetics is a fully-integrated lanthanide mining, refining, and manufacturing company. They mine ores containing all of the so-called rare earths – lanthanum to lutetium – refine them, and produce things made from them, primarily neodymium magnets. They also produce lanthanide-containing optical devices, such as YAG lasers and fiber optics signal amplifiers.

• New Century Titanium is Ioudaia's largest titanium producer, refining titanium from its ores and producing titanium metal and titanium alloys. They produce all of the usual metal products: ingots, tubes, sheets, and rolls, and also produce powders suitable for casting, friction-stir welding, and laser-sintering, the last a 3-D printing process. Their mining operations are limited to ilmenite-containing mineral sands in Euchalsideria and the Mesder Seas area.

• Iris Dorona Spun Materials manufactures fiberglass and carbon fiber and produces woven sheets of both materials.

• Neoanthrakos single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Also carbon nanotube composites including carbon nanotube/silicon carbide, a refractory, radar-absorbing material. Neoanthrakos is one of the two Ioudaian companies which makes stealthy materials for military uses.

• Thaunakie Superconductor produces all of Ioudaia's superconducting materials, both niobium-titanium and YBCO superconductors. They use production methods developed by researchers at Thaunakie University, and they were set up to commercialize those methods.