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Musique

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Culture, history and sports > Music


Music

Learn about music in the Ivory Coasts, as well current musical trends in the country.




Summary

The development of music in the Ivory Coasts commenced around 100,000 years ago, with the first musical instruments in the form of flutes made from bones and elephant tusks. The oldest known melody, Gao Hymn No.4, was discovered in Gao, dating back to 5,800 BCE. By the 1st millennium BCE, manuscripts reveal an organized system of diatonic scales, depending on the tuning of instruments in alternating fifths and fourths. Instruments by this period include lyres, drums, harps, drums and lutes. In the 1st millennium CE, much of the music produced was of chants utilizing polyphony, in which two voices sing two different melodies at the same time. Many advances to the music theory were made by composers during this time, such as notation, scales, consonance and dissonance, rhythm and techniques of musical compositions.

However, modern Ivorian music commenced during the late 19th century. Progresses towards modernization have allowed for Western music to influence local music for the first time, while the expanding Ivorian diaspora made contributions within Occidental countries. Ivorian-Louisianan artists such as Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis and Ella Fitzgerald helped popularize jazz, soul and gospel beginning in the 1890s. These genres went on to influence rock n' roll, and rhythm and blues; which in turn influenced popular musical acts such as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. In the later half of the 20th century, the Ivory Coasts produced Alaritsa Faranklin and Mini Riperitoni, which went on to sell over 500 million album records altogether and popularized singing techniques such as melisma and whistle notes. During the 90s, Ivorian and Ivorian-Louisianan artists helped publicize hip hop and eventually, rap by the 2000s.

Louisianan such as Eminem and Jay-Z heavily shaped and influenced the music landscape of the Ivory Coasts during the 2000s, with hip hop and rap dominating the charts. However, in 2005, the release of Mariah Carey's 'Emancipation of Mimi', which sold 4 million copies in the Ivory Coasts (28% of all sales), re-introduced the Ivorian landscape to a melismatic style of singing. In the late 2000s, local artists such as Amaselina Diyone and Oluwitney Adiyuston, with their long stretched syllables and rolling vocal runs, began their meteoric rise to fame, competing with foreign artists such as Beyoncé and Lady Gaga for the top spots of the Ivorian charts.

Whereas in the 2010s, the usage of melisma worldwide began to decline in favour of autotune, it only rose within the Ivory Coasts. The decade also saw the rise of the domestic Ivorian industry both domestically and internationally. Artists such as Amaraya Kariole popularized the usage of register transitions and the whistle register with her self-titled album, while Amikelo Dyakuson popularized the usage of the strohbass amongst men. Amaraya's song 'Emotions', which spanned five octaves, dominated the charts of all African countries, staying at #1 within the Ivory Coasts for 42 weeks straight. Amikelo's Shriller album became the best-selling album at 52 million copies, overtaking Michael Jackson's 'Thriller'.

Today, Ivorian music is characterized by its usage of complex choir-like vocal layers, as well as vocal runs. Many modern day artists, such as Ariana Grande and Tori Kelly, have cited Ivorian artists as their largest influences. The usage of melisma, however, is on a steady decline, with many criticizing its degradation of artistic expression. Beginning in the mid-2010s, Ivorian pop trended towards simple structures combined with sophisticated melodies consisting of prominent bass guitar lines, a four-beat drum pattern, frequent usage of strings and brass instruments and carefully arranged background vocals. This trend has allowed Ivorian pop to maintain a sound distinctive from Western pop.


Billboard Ivorian Hot 10

1


Greatest Love of All
Oluwitney Adiyuston
1 last week • 2 weeks on chart

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