During the late Vedic Period, the Uttara-Kurus settled in Kashmir in 1100 BC. In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of Hinduism and later, Buddhism. Throughout the 7th and 14th centuries, Kashmir was consistently ruled by a series of Hindu dynasties, resulting in the rise of Kashmir Shaivism. In 1320, Rinchan Shah became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the Kashmir Sultanate. The region was part of the Mughal Empire from 1586 to 1751, and thereafter, until 1820, ruled by the Afghan Durrani Empire, and afterward passed down to the Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh. The Sikhs ruled with an iron fist, oppressing Kashmiri Muslims and their way of life. In 1846, after the Sikh defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War, and upon the purchase of Kashmir from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler of Kashmir. His descendants' rule, under the British Crown's paramountcy, lasted until the Partition of India in 1947. A subsequent armed conflict between India and Pakistan over ownership of Kashmir resulted in the region’s division by India, Pakistan, and China, becoming the center of numerous territorial disputes and conflicts between the countries—but primarily between India and Pakistan. The territories of present-day Muktir would be part of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir (abbreviated as JK).

The growing dispute over Kashmir and the backsliding of democracy in Indian-administered Kashmir led to the rise of Kashmiri nationalism and militancy in the state. With many Kashmiri youth discontent with the political system, numerous rebel groups—most notably the JKLF—rose to prominence. In 1989, a series of demonstrations and attacks on the Indian government marked the beginning of an insurgency in JK that would cost tens of thousands of Kashmiri and Indian lives. Human rights abuses committed by the Indian government during the insurgency were widespread, ranging from mass killings, extrajudicial murder, enforced disappearances, torture, and sexual abuse, to political repression and suppression of freedom of speech. At the same time, militants perpetrated an ethnic cleansing against Hindus & ethnic minorities in JK, causing a mass exodus of Kashmiri pandits. In addition, Pakistan sponsored and assisted multiple terrorist organizations in JK. The insurgency began to cool down after the 1990s, however, separatist sentiment among Kashmiris persisted.

The Kashmiri Revolution began after the revocation of Article 370 on 5 August 2019, which constitutionally granted Jammu and Kashmir (JK) special autonomy. As civil unrest, militancy, and a wave of pro-independence rallies swept JK, Indian government forces began a violent crackdown and suppression, which would later be known as the Five Day Massacre. 2 days later, an alliance of Kashmiris from multiple separatist political parties formed an alternative government, proclaiming themselves as the legitimate authority of JK. The new government, led by Yasin Malik, called itself the "Kashmiri Transitional Government," becoming widely accepted by the majority of Kashmiris, effectively seizing power over JK. Malik's government declared JK's independence on 9 August 2019. Numerous government buildings, military bases, prisons, and police stations were broken into on 10 August 2019, effectively marking the end of Indian rule. India immediately began bombing Muktir and the Indian Army followed with an invasion of Muktir on 16 August.

The Kashmiri War (also known as the Mukti War or the Kashmiri War for Independence) began on 10 August 2019 and ended on 30 December 2024 after the signing of the Ludhiana Accord, resulting in a Kashmiri victory. It was marked by immense bloodshed and destruction, a refugee crisis, the rise of Islamist and jihadist groups in Muktir, and a multitude of war crimes. India, in particular, has been accused of committing genocide and several crimes against humanity against Kashmiris, facing condemnation from many international organizations. The UN assessed that "87% of Srinagar, Anantnag, Jammu, and Udhampur had been damaged or destroyed due to armed conflict."

In the aftermath, Muktir has grappled with an internal security crisis and an Islamist insurgency. Crime, murder, kidnappings, terrorism, and smuggling, particularly of weapons and drugs, have plagued the republic. With 137 homicides per 100,000 people, the nation has the highest murder rate in the world. Islamists continue to occupy swathes of land in Northern Muktir and control half of Srinagar.

A humanitarian crisis in Muktir has existed since 2019, with issues ranging from lack of access to sanitation and healthcare, lack of access to education, high rates of poverty, and malnutrition. In 2024, the nation was ranked fifth-worst in the Fragile States Index, indicating major instability. Muktir's population decreased by 10 million, or 41%, from 2019 to 2024. The country is one of the world's least developed nations, ranking 169th on the Human Development Index. Muktir's GDP is $26.662 billion by PPP values and nominally $10.615 billion. Per capita, its nominal GDP is $762, among one of the lowest in the world as of 2024. The nation is often characterized as a narco-state, being the world’s largest exporter of opium and heroin, the second largest of meth, and the third largest of Captagon.

Etymology

Mukti is a Sanskrit word derived from the root word Mukt, which can mean absolution, deliverance, emaciation, freedom, liberation, pardon, release, or salvation. This also means that the demonym of Muktir, Mukti, literally translates to "Freedom."

The word Kashmir is thought to have been derived from Sanskrit and was referred to as káśmīra. A popular local etymology of Kashmira is that it is land desiccated from water. Accordingly, Kashmir would be derived from either Kashyap-mir (Kashyapa's Lake) or Kashyapa-meru (Kashyapa's Mountain). Cashmeer, or Cashmere, (Archaic) is a popular alternative spelling of Kashmir. In the Kashmiri language, Kashmiri is spelled as "Kasheer."

In the initial days of the declaration of independence, Muktir was called "Azadir,"—a portmanteau of "Azadi", a Kashmiri word meaning freedom, and "Kashmir." However, the Kashmiri government decided to change the name due to its similarity to Azad Jammu and Kashmir, a Pakistani province directly to the west of Muktir.

History (Ignore this entire section right now. It is a mess.)

The former state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded special status by Article 370 of the Constitution of India. In contrast to other states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had its own constitution, flag, and administrative autonomy. Indian citizens from other states were not allowed to purchase land or property in Jammu and Kashmir under Article 35A of the Constitution of India.

Jammu and Kashmir had three distinct areas: Hindu-majority Jammu region, and Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh. Unrest and violence persisted in the Kashmiri Valley and, following a disputed state election in 1987, an insurgency persisted in protest over autonomy and rights.

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in the 2014 Indian general election and five years later, included the revocation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India in their 2019 election manifesto.

A resolution to repeal Article 370 was passed by both houses of the Parliament of India in August 2019. At the same time, a reorganization act was also passed, which would reconstitute the state into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, while Article 35A was also abolished through suspension of the Presidential Order of 1954. The reorganization and revocation of Article 370 took effect on 5 August 2019.

Aftermath of Article 370's Revocation
Article 370's removal sparked the Kashmiri Revolution. Civil unrest in JK ensued and rioting became common in population centres. Insurgent activity skyrocketed as well, with 2 terror attacks in New Delhi and 1 in Mumbai being perpetrated by Kashmiri terrorist groups between 5 August and 9 August. India used a variety of methods to curb unrest, such as installing curfews, cutting off telecommunication lines, using live ammunition on protesters, and jailing major Kashmiri separatist leaders. This crackdown further infuriated the protesters and led to violent confrontations with the government forces. In Jammu, a 7 August demonstration led to the deaths of 52 Indian police after several rioters stole weapons from security forces and broke into a nearby police station. A 7 August riot in Srinagar led to the deaths of 34 Indian government forces after an unknown rioter opened fire on police.

Declaration of Independence, Post-Independence
Yasin Malik had already garnered a public personality in JK as a Kashmiri separatist leader before he seized power in JK. His declaration of authority over JK on 8 August was overwhelmingly popular among the public. His government declared Kashmiri independence on 9 August. Yasin Malik released 3,240 political prisoners from prisons across Muktir on 10 August. Many of the ex-convicts became his bodyguards or high-ranking members of the KLF.

The economy of Muktir started to collapse as Malik severed economic links with India. Black market trading, arms trafficking, counterfeiting, and other illicit economic activities rapidly grew.

Prior to 5 August, about 600,000 people in Muktir owned firearms.

The Indian government demanded Muktir to safely return every Indian entrapped in Muktir within 7 days and return all Indian government assets in 60 days. Yasin Malik responded on 11 August, agreeing to both demands, but asked for a 365-day non-aggression-pact in return. India refused the request and promptly launched Operation Saffron on 11 August 2019. Muktir retaliated by breaking into and stealing assets from ex-Indian military bases, police stations, and other ex-government facilities. Multiple arms caches were broken into, with the weapons were distributed to citizens. The Kashmiri government published all classified Indian documents they had found on a Twitter account, causing India to permanently suspend diplomatic ties with Muktir. Muktir still returned Indians trapped in Muktir, an action praised by many human rights organizations. Narendra Modi, however, accused Muktir of making such a gesture to "win over the heart of the international community."
Muktir War
Operation Saffron
On the evening of 11 August 2019, an offensive into Muktir by the Indian Army and Air Force was launched. 2 hours prior, an extensive aerial and artillery bombing campaign occurred, which indiscriminately targetted the cities of Srinagar, Jammu, and Anantnag, along with high-value government and military targets. The ground attack was made from 4 main points.

The Indian army expected moderate resistance but instead were met with fierce resistance from Kashmiri locals and guerillas on all 4 points of attack, causing a retreat by the army, and the operation to be foiled.
Operation Shakti
Following the humiliating failure of Operation Saffron, Operation Shakti At approximately 1:30 AM on August 15, an artillery barrage and aerial bombing campaign started.
Unpopularity of Muktir War
By September, numerous military commanders and government figures had resigned in protest of the handling of the Muktir War. Bipin Rawat, ex-4 star Indian General, stated that "India treats Kashmiris with equality. To them, an armed Kashmiri poses the same amount of danger as a Kashmiri child." He was later arrested for treason.
War Continues & Turns Into A Stalemate
Rise of Islamists
Due to the Kashmiri Liberative Government's support of secularism and liberal democracy, many Islamic militants refused to fight alongside Muktir.

As the Mukti war continued into 2021, various armed rebel groups became radicalized. Subsequently, they rebelled against the Mukti cause, instead fighting to create a Kashmir governed under their own interpretations of Islamic law. Seeing the situation unfold, already existing islamist organizations such as Jaish-e-Mohammed, Al-Qaeda, and most notably, the Islamic State, began their own campaigns in Muktir.

Kashmiri officials and the international community have accused India of funding and arming jihadists to terrorize Muktir, which India has denied.

The first town to be fully taken by
Operation Lex Talionis
Operation Lex Talionis was the first large-scale military operation conducted by the KLF. Its goal was to liberate Srinagar by conducting a surprise raid.
New Indian Government
The 2024 Indian general election led to an I.N.D.I.A. supermajority in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, along with the incumbent PM Narendra Modi being replaced by Mallikarjun Kharge, an outspoken critic of the Muktir War and the President of the Indian National Congress, the leading party of the I.N.D.I.A. coalition. The BJP lost 164 seats in the election, over half of their previous seat count.

One of the promises of the I.N.D.I.A. coalition was to put an end to the Muktir War.

Narendra Modi was assassinated on 6 June 2024, being shot in New Delhi. The assassin, Rajat Chopra, was ethnically Kashmiri but was presumed to have acted independently. In Muktir, the response was overwhelmingly positive, with many Kashmiris celebrating his death.
Human Rights Violations And War Crimes
The Indian military has been accused of indiscriminately killing Kashmiris
International Response
The war sparked a major diplomatic crisis, with many countries around the world reacting strongly to the conflict which affected the momentum of regional relations. 9 countries took the drastic step of recalling their ambassadors and cutting diplomatic ties with India. 4 countries have diplomatically recognized Muktir as an independent state. Global public opinion of India has dropped during the war as well; a Morning Consult poll published in January 2024 indicated that Israel was the only remaining wealthy country in which India had net positive approval.

Much of the Western world has provided strong diplomatic and military support to India, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Israel, although the strong support is "at odds with the attitudes of the Western public, which continue to shift away from India", according to Hugh Lovatt, a senior policy fellow with the South Asian Programme at the European Council on Foreign Relations. The Islamic world and much of the Global South denounced the actions of India and its allies, criticizing the "moral authority of the West" and alleging that it holds double standards surrounding human rights. The double standards, in their view, are condemning an illegal occupation in Ukraine while standing firmly behind India, which has committed atrocities against the Kashmiri people. Bolivia has cut all ties with Israel as a result of the conflict, while fellow South American countries Colombia and Chile recalled their ambassadors to the country.

International protests and demonstrations in support of Kashmir are widespread,
Muktir’s Impact On Insurgency Across India
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
Geography

The constitution of Muktir was largely copied from the American, German, Danish, and Norwegian constitutions. It outlines various rights guaranteed to Kashmiris, such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of the media and press, the right to bear arms,

Muktir has been described as an anarchy by many international organizations, being compared to Somalia. The Kashmiri government receives almost the entirety of its funding from the Pakistani government.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revocation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)

This factbook does not represent my personal views. I do not endorse any ideology mentioned in this factbook.
Some parts of this factbook have been plagiarized taken from Wikipedia because I'm terrible at writing.