by Max Barry

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10

Income Equality & Human Development

Gini Coefficient & HDI


The New London School Economics, a constituent college of the University of New London, has calculated and compiled the national income equality and human development statistics as measured by the LinkGini coefficient and the LinkHuman Development Index (HDI), respectively, for the member states of the Atlantean Union (AU)—Nova-Lox, Alpenburg, Palma Riviera (and San Francesco Bay), and Aleixandria. (See also the inequality-adjusted HDI or LinkIHDI.) Table 2 lists the newly calculated metrics for each member state and the AU mean (i.e., mediocre). The World Assembly (WA) Census calculates HDI by measuring the population's mean life expectancy, education, and income, while it calculates income equality as the difference in incomes between the richest and poorest citizens, where a mark of 50 would indicate that poor incomes are 50% of rich incomes. It is simply the fraction or proportion of the mean incomes of the poorest (most impoverished) 10% and the richest (most abundant, opulent, luxurious and sumptuous) 10%. Referencing a political, economic and academic Linkpaper, Rho Ophiuchi defines the parameters and derived formulae of a mathematical model using the numerical algorithmic method (an iterative linear approximation using a function and its functional derivative) named for Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson that determines the radical "zeroes" of a function. This more complex model for income (in)equality permits the calculation of quantiles (percentiles, hexadeciles, deciles, octiles, quintiles, quartiles, terciles and medians) of the populations in the statistical probability distribution. The determination and motivation of this subsequent article (an essay with a thesis and an intention to not conform to the Wiki-style model of informative facts and encyclopaedic tractates formulated, utilised and inspired by Ponderosa, which is named for the majestic and ponderous arboreal plant) is to expand upon (ameliorate and augment) the WA Census statistics because their methods are not public (transparent to examination, investigation, inspection or scrutiny). (See the Encyclopædia Atlantida and Darkipedia, an encyclopaedia of "chocolate" maintained in part by the editor Fujai and named for Darkesia, for encyclopaedic text and context.)

In LinkNationStates (note that references to the NS universe and its nation-states, organisations and institutions are OOC in this predominantly IC, canonical document), the hyperinflation (relative to the fixed area of territory and irrespective of the real, biotic and ambient Linkfactors of limitation that are dependent on density) of national population (with its regular progression described by Amerion in a comprehensive guide) has been criticised. A nation (Eryndlynd) in the region of Forest (with an aesthetic manual of style for graphic design by Aumeltopia as Mount Seymour) proposed an elegant resolution to reconcile this excessive crescence of population (not vertically and horizontally sustainable in architecture and ecology) with spatial and temporal reality. It includes citizens and persons (recognised entities of personality) with either natural or artificial intelligence in the national quantity (statistics, counts, measures or numbers) of people. The populations of statistical territorial units can be proportionally scaled (with significant digits) by their respective percentage of the total population normalised by an arbitrary factor. In the virtual NS simulation (a "face book of nations" instead of persons founded in 22 Scorpio 11702 HE), "macros" (an abbreviation of macroinstructions, or codes for processes in contrast to microinstructions) exist to actualise statistics to the present data at the Linkcoded location of a schematic protocol by designation (nomination, indication and identification). NSC (Noahs Second Country) has compiled a list (enumerated catalogue) with these abbreviated sequences of code, whilst a census datum may be claimed as a field (clamoured as a camp, which SherpDaWerp and Esfalsa noted in NS technical forum). Data to be consulted for the statistical, political and notable Linkresults (effects and reactions) of answers (causes and actions) to issues (events of consequence and importance, which Pencil Sharpeners 2 analytically generalised, classified and categorised by their possible, probable and potential options in a matrix of files and columns of numeral, literal, computational, informational and textual data with the formulae of functional, relational, referential, conditional, statistical, arithmetical and mathematical operations in a tabular and cellular programme) has been diligently measured, accounted, calculated, computed and tabulated by a commendable nation (Trotterdam). LinkNSDossier (Linkbased on LinkNSEconomy of Commerce Heights, with contributions by Sunset and which is maintained and operated by Tbone steak) and LinkNSNation from Big Tex (NewTexas) of the region of Texas presents economic (regional, national, social, legal, governmental and political) statistics as the NSSuite with calculations using public Linkformulae. The Linknational sovereigntist founder of Antarctic Oasis (an ally of their region), Kenny (Omigodtheykilledkenny), maintains on NSWiki (which was a functioning rival of the recuperated, renovated, resuscitated and reprised NSindex created by Minoa) that the international WA is a false joke of Maxtopia or LinkMax Barry who, as the creator of NS, probably is the Linkenigma of [violet] (of the personal home page hypertext preprocessor bulletin board forum, and the apparent eponym of the religion and obligation of LinkVioletism or the Order of Violet, which is symbolised by the purple colours of violet, hyacinth, and lavender of livid lavage and floral laundry in Anadolia and in the spheric aura of Giovanniland influenced by the Lion of Venice) and ​controls Testlandia (in part according to the encyclopaedia reference of August and the Augustin Alliance, and supported by the promotion and divulgation of the author). In contrast to international federalism, Cormac (Cormactopia prime and the alias Cormacville, terminated and banned in a virtual suicide as a flame of critical protest asserted to be in disgrace, dishonour and discredit by verecund and modest moderation) advocates for a national sovereignty as a question, problem or affair of autonomy.

Statistical Measures

The measured data (cf. the LinkOur World in Data project of Max Roser) used to calculate comes from the WA Census measurements (with major and minor statistical actualisations at 00:00 CUT and 12:00 CUT, where CUT is equivalent to UTC−05:00 with a difference of 75 degrees of angular distance as terrestrial longitude) for 14 Sagittarius 11722 at 00:00 CUT−03:00, and is summarised in Table 1. The definition and caveats of the data are:

  1. LinkGross domestic product (GDP) per capita: measures the mean national income in an Linkeconomy, but does not consider the cost of living and inflation rates differences in economies. In terms of expenditure (on final goods and services by private and public industries, or the commercial, industrial, financial, fiscal, municipal, governmental and institutional state in the market of the formal economy, which excludes the informal, illegal or illicit by definition), GDP is

      Y = C + I + G + (X − M),

    where Y is GDP, C is consumption, I is investment, G is government expenditures, X is exports and M is imports. GDP per capita is the GDP divided by the national population, which allows GDP to be compared by nation. GDP can be converted to gross national income (GNI) by subtracting income (rent or revenue) gained in the (interior or internal) national economy by strangers (nonresidents) and adding income gained by domestic residents of a (exterior or external) strange nation. GDP is an aggregate measure of production as a sum of the gross values added. The distinction of net (nitidus) from gross (total) is the deduction of the reduction (depreciation) of economic value (price) of capital (equity as the difference of assets and liabilities).

  2. GDP per capita of lowest 10%: this is the mean income of the poorest 10% of the population.

  3. GDP per capita of highest 10%: this is the mean income of the richest 10% of the population.

  4. Public education expenditure: this is public education expenditures per capita, which is used as a positively correlated proxy for access of education (edification and instruction which is positively correlated to intelligence as the opposite of ignorance) as measured by the mean years of schooling received by the ordinary (i.e., the common tendency of a typical, general, medial, modal, central, normal, or habitual) person (to the statistical distribution of the population) and the expected years of schooling (18 years being equivalent to receiving a master's degree). Alternatives include the literacy rate.

  5. LinkLife expectancy: this is mean national lifespan or life expectancy at birth, which is used as an indicator of overall health of the ordinary person. Longevity is negatively (inversely) correlated with sexually dimorphic human stature that is determined by genetic and ambient factors (in the AU, the anthropometric mean is 1.71 m for males and 1.61 m for females with mass in kg or kilogram, defined by the constant of Planck 6.62607015×10−34 kg⋅m2⋅s−1 or the quantum of electromagnetic action that relates the energy of a photon to its frequency, where the metre or m is defined by the celerity of light 299792458 m⋅s−1.

Table 1: Summary of measured statistics by AU member state in normal monetary units (with a parity of acquisitive power) unless otherwise noted.

Statistic

Nova-Lox

Alpenburg

Palma Riviera

San Francesco

Aleixandria

AU Mean

GDP per capita

86,154.32

95,447.19

68,430.86

98,200.99

102,013.97

90,049.47

GDP per capita of lowest 10%

60,531.86

55,506.05

38,215.74

63,207.73

82,614.96

60,015.27

GDP per capita of highest 10%

117,707.00

153,250.00

113,669.00

144,666.00

123,116.00

130,481.60

Public education expenditure

8,563.64

7,649.88

6,725.89

7,743.74

12,604.45

8,657.52

Life expectancy (years)

90.37

88.29

88.14

90.04

91.45

89.66

Gini Coefficient

The WA's method for calculating income equality (the inverse of inequality or disparity) is atypical. The preferred and commonly-used statistic is the Gini coefficient. Corrado (Conrad) Gini was a statistician of demography (sociology, anthropology, ecology, and biology) who was influenced by statistics, mathematics and economics and influenced fascism and pseudoscientific eugenics (cf. the ambient hygiene of euthenics) by euthanasia. He argued nations are vital (organic and dynamic) in nature with the population of societies in possession of a natality, maturity and mortality that are a consequence of evolution. This statistic, which is named after him, is easily calculated with GDP per capita, that of the top 10% of salaried income (the richest) and that of the bottom 10% of salaried income (the poorest). The Gini coefficient, ranging from 0% to 100%, is defined mathematically by the Lorenz curve and can be calculated geometrically. Omitting the derivation, the Gini coefficient is approximately

    G = 9 (Ypct − Ypcb) / Ypc,

where G is the Gini coefficient as a percentage, Ypct is the top 10% GDP per capita, Ypcb is the bottom 10% GDP per capita, and Ypc is the GDP per capita. The exact value would be larger, as can be seen in the derivation. The mathematics for deriving it can be found here and below, credit to Darcania. A Gini coefficient of 100% would describe total income inequality, while a value of 0% would describe perfect equality.

The Gini coefficient is defined as the ratio of the area between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve and that of below the line of equality. Let us call the area below the line of equality E + L and that of the Lorenz curve L. The area E + L is by definition equal to 0.5. Therefore,

    G = 100E / (E + L).

We can rewrite this formula to only be in L terms.

    G = 100 (E + L − L) / (E + L)

    G = 100 (0.5 − L) / 0.5

    G = 100 (1 − 2L)

The line of perfect equality is defined as a perfectly equal income distribution where every person has the same income. In this case, which can be formulated as I = P for I cumulative (por)portion of income and P cumulative (por)portion of population, the bottom N% of the population would always have N% of the income. The Lorenz curve represents any distribution for 0% ≤ I ≤ 100%, that is a state between perfect equality and perfect inequality. Perfect inequality would a line where I = 0% for all P < 100% and I = 100% when P = 100%.

Our particular Lorenz curve (named for LinkMax Otto Lorenz, with Gini identifying the relation between it and his measure or "index of concentration") is defined by the bottom and top deciles. The bottom 10% of the proportion of total income earned (B) is defined as

    B = 0.1 (Ypcb / Ypc).

The top 10% of the proportion of total income earned (T) is defined as

    T = 0.1 (Ypct / Ypc).

For area L, we can divide it into trapezoids, which have the general area formula of

    area = (b1 + b2)(h / 2).

If the proportion of income are the bases (b) of the trapezoids and the proportion of population is the height (h), the area of the Lorenz curve is

    L = (0.1 (B / 2)) + (0.8 (B + (1 − T)) / 2) + (0.1 ((1 − T) + 1) / 2),

which simplifies to

    L = (0.9B − 0.9T + 1) / 2.

Then substituting this to the Gini coefficient equation, we arrive to

    G = 90 (B − T).

The Gini coefficient is related to the Pareto principle of factor sparsity or scarcity. Conceptualised by Joseph Moses Juran, it is named for the Italian political economist who first noted that a proportion of effects (80%) is related to a proportion of causes (20%). It is an approximation of a power (potential) law, which a functional relation between two quantities, where a relative change in a quantity results in a directly proportional relative variation and exponentiation in the another quantity.

The probability distribution describes the relation for a particular parameter (index) α = log45. Its difference from normal (Gauss–Laplace and Cauchy–Lorentz) and logistic distributions (with a cumulative distribution function whose derivative is a probability density function that is a logistic function of practice and not theory as named by Pierre François Verhulst in an analogous contrast to arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions and logarithmic functions and for a term used to refer to formal symbolic logic of propositions, quantification, sentences and predicates as a substitution of syllogism in Hellenistic mathematics of philosophy with its conics, optics, mechanics and technics) is a consequence of self-similarity. The continuous probability distribution is named for Pareto, whilst the discrete one named for George Kingsley Zipf, with a generalisation by Benoît Mandelbrot of frequencies of occurrence (a constant divided by (k + q)s for rank k, parameters q and s and a constant equal to the reciprocal of a zeta function that is a harmonic number and the sum of the reciprocals of the principal n natural numbers when s = 1 or is named for Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann if s > 1 and q = 1, or in general for Adolf Hurwitz if s ≠ 1, when n approximates infinity). The probability distribution is used with linguistic corpora (plural of corpus for a collection of texts, e.g. an opera omnia with a magnum opus of a master in a guild) to predict the frequency of hapax legomenon (parables, paroles or parabolae "being said once" in the logic of language) as inversely proportional (with logarithmic axes) to its rank in the statistic frequency of concordances.

For income (in)equality, the proportion of income is (1 + G) / 2, whilst in comparison, the proportion of people is (1 − G) / 2 for the Gini coefficient G as a percentage. The principle describes the phenomena of experience where a minority actively produce (participate, communicate, collaborate, contribute, create and generate) in a virtual community (a public good such as NS or a forum for messages), whilst a majority passively consume (i.e., lurks as an insidious marauder, voyeur or lurer of information). LinkResearch by LinkSheizaf Rafaeli (a columnist for Calcalist, from Hebrew כַּלְכָּלָה or kalkalá for "economy" as paronomasia for The Economist similar to The Scientist and The Artist, and whose personal name שיזף is a cognate of the Arabic زِفْزِف or zifzif and زُفَيْزَف or zufayzaf from the Greek ζίζῠφον or zízuphon for a drupe referred to as giuggiolo(-a), azufaifa, jínjol, gínjol, jujuba, açofeifa, azufaifo, jujube) found (encountered, discovered and determined) that social and cultural capital directly correlates to the asymmetry of participation in the activities (interactions or communications) of these communities as a result of common norms and cognisance that assist in mutually beneficial cooperation for their individual members.

HDI

Given the absence of WA data on the mean years of schooling index (the mean years of schooling received by people divided by 15) and expected years of schooling index (the mean years of schooling expected to be received by people divided by 18) that are indexed and averaged in the official calculation of the HDI by the United Nations (UN), Linkone method proposes to use the WA measured public education expenditures as a proxy in conjunction with public healthcare expenditures instead of life expectancy. However, the method proposes calculates the HDI from the health, education, and per capita income indices using an arithmetic mean rather than geometric mean. Improving upon this method, under the belief that public healthcare expenditures does not adequately serve as an indicator for health—by only indirectly indicating—and that official the UN method is preferable, the sanitary component (hygienic physical sanity, in comparison to toxic drugs and obesity that, similar to diabetes and myopia, is correlated to the excesses of wealth) or life expectancy index is calculated with

    ID = (D − 20) / (100 − 20),

where ID is the life expectancy index and D is life expectancy in years. If life expectancy falls below the common age of reproduction (maturity for generation and creation when aged 20, compared to an ideal century at an age of 100 years or a centenary anniversary), that society will go extinct. This type of statistics is used by actuaries with insurance. A scheme of assurance and investment to counter the risk and hazard (potentiality, probability, possibility or expectation) of survival and longevity (mortal death or vital life expectancy of existence) was invented by the Neapolitan banker Lorenzo de Tonti. The private and public corporations (of governments of states) organised these schemes as an annuity of a pension or superannuation. They administered the capital invested by subscribers. These individual parties (divided into classes of age) whose contract of vitality is contingent may transfer their actions to actionaries who are beneficiaries of annual interest in proportion to the equity of capital investment. As investors die (cease to live), the equity is reallocated. In variations, the final survivor received the total sum of capital. The scheme of compensation combines group annuity with a mortality lottery. They have been used to accumulate funds for private or public works projects.

The statistical (mathematical and actuarial) curtate (abbreviated) future expectation of a life at age x (in integer and noncontinuous years) is the infinite sum (index k years from zero to infinity) is the product of k, the probability of survival (vitality) from age x to age x + k conditional that the entity lives at age x, and the probability of mortality during age x + k (or between ages x + k and x + k + 1) conditional that the entity lives at age x + k. This multiplication of probabilities (i.e., the probability of the survival of a life to the age t, a discrete aleatory variable for x + k < tx + k + 1, and conditional to t > x) is equivalent that of k and the quantity of the difference of the probability of survival to age t > x + k (the prior event, the complement of the probability of survival to age tx + k) and the probability of survival to age t > x + k + 1 (the ulterior event, the complement of the probability of survival to age tx + k + 1). The sum of the probabilities that a life age x will survive to age x + 1 and that a death (defunction) occurs the ages of x and x + 1 is unity. The equivalent summation (from k equals one to infinity) is the product of k and the probability of survival from age x to age x + k. The survival function of de Moivre Sx(t) = 1 − Fx(t), where Fx(t) is the cumulative distribution function (the probability of xt, thus Sx(t) is the probability of x > t) that is the result of the integration of the density of the distribution, fx(s) ds for 0 to t. The probability that the aleatory variable x (of age x) survives to age x + t is the probability of Txx + t conditional to Txx, where Tx + x is the total and ultimate age, or equal to S(x + t) / S(x). The probability that x does not survive to age x + t is the probability of Txx + t conditional to 0 ≤ Txt conditional to Txx, or equal to (S(x) − S(x + t)) / S(x). If the probability density is a continuous uniform distribution with the interval 0 ≤ tωx (where 0 ≤ xω is the the ultimate age), the fx(t) is 1 / ω and Fx(t) = t / ω (both are zero if otherwise). The expected value (expectation, mean or μ) of Tx is E(Tx) = (ωx) / 2, whilst the the variance (σ2) is E(Tx2) − E(Tx)2. The probabilities are calculated from age-specific mortality of the members (cohort) of the statistical population. By definition, life expectancy is an arithmetic mean, or the sum from index i equals 1 to n of an ensemble of n numbers (values or observations of data in a population or example) that is divided as a quantity by n.

The income index, calculated from the GDP per capita is calculated by arbitrarily presuming 100,000 in the normal monetary units is the maximum and 100 is the minimum. Income is capped (limited to a predetermined maximum with an implied minimum function of the elements, the income and the limit) at 100,000 because its contribution to development incurs diminishing returns. In Linkrecent history, 100 is the lowest income a nation has reached. The poverty line is about 1 to 2 per day when considering inflation according to the Atlantean Development Bank. The formula is:

    IY = (ln(Ypc) − ln(100)) / (ln(100,000) − ln(100)),

where IY is the income index, Ypc is the GDP per capita in the normal monetary units, and ln is the natural logarithm. The disposable (domestic, familiar, personal and discretionary) income is equal to

    (1 − T) Ypc

for taxation (mean imposition of tax on benefit, profit, rent or revenue) T. It excludes social transfers. The tax is direct, as it is imposed upon a person (i.e., natural or juridical) or a property (e.g., income, wealth and transfer of capital). This is dissimilar to an indirect tax that is imposed upon a transaction. These include ad valorem (proportional to value, not to quantity) excise, tariffs and imposts imposed (evaluated and estimated) on the aggregate, adjunct or additional value (added, affixed, annexed and "more" worth or "valour") by price in the process (organisational activities, capacities, facilities and enterprises of competitive corporation and cooperative collaboration) of production, provision, operation, distribution and circulation based on the consumption of a product (good and service) as compensation and collection for public infrastructure funded by the administration of government and used in the transaction of commerce. (In NS, tax and the dependent economic income is not realistic with its effect upon the markets of the national economy because of the public subsidisation or socialism for corporations and private enterprises in capitalism, commercialism and industrialism.)

The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) quantifies the induced consumption by consumers (of the products produced by producers in production), or the derivative of the consumption function (the sum of autonomous consumption expenditure and the product of the MPC and disposable income) with respect to the disposable income that induces it. In the model of Keynesian economics, the multiplier (a factor of proportionality that measures the quantity an endogenous variable changes in response to a change of an exogenous variable) is the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to economy (save and spare), which is equal to the difference of unity and MPC. The normal unit of money is NS Dollars where one NS Dollar (NSD or NS$) is equal in exchange for one unit of money in the national currency, which is not economically realistic although pragmatic in the virtual simulation mechanics and "so it goes" (as the author Kurt Vonnegut might state). The economists mentioned in the introduction evaluate an exchange rate to 1 NSD from the geometric mean (n = 2) of the product of a normalised GDP per capita and an economic production modifier (the efficiency of the economy transformed by a categorical tabulation). In addition to demographics and markets, they calculate and compute importation, exportation, consumption, and administration (government expenditures).

Inflation (the inverse of deflation of prices and the monetary devaluation in exchange) might be measured the GDP (implicit price) deflator that relates the nominal GDP (aggregated in a new year) to the real GDP in the money of a particular base year, whilst the cost of consumer and producer prices of goods and services may be compared by percentage changes. The real exchange rate is transformed from the nominal exchange rate by the acquisitive power parity that is the relation of the price of a representative ensemble of goods and services in a market. This parity (of quantity and its labour commanded by money) is also an inflation rate relative to different locations and frontiers. The comparison may be extrapolated to other base years with the GDP deflator applied to each point of reference. An economic aggregate (of social or national accounts of production and consumption) such as GDP income may be normalised by the parity. It presumes there is a unique price for a particular good or service such that there are no frictional and transactional costs (e.g., the imposition of tariffs of importation, exportation and transportation) in the commercial exchange. At equilibrium, the quantity of money (offered or demanded) is related by

    M = P Y / V(r),

for the normalised (inflationary or deflationary) price index (P) to make the real GDP (Y) nominal and the velocity or circulation of money for V(r) as a function of interest r.

Finally, the education component is calculated with the following formula:

    IS = (ln(S) − ln(1)) / (ln(10,000) − ln(1)),

where IS is the education index and S is public education expenditures (spending) in normal monetary units. The index maximum and minimum bases were chosen presuming there are diminishing returns to education expenditures and society can exist without formal education. The HDI (H) is calculated by taking the geometric mean of these three indices (n = 3):

    H = (IDIYIS)1/3.

The geometric mean is defined as the nth radix (or the exponentiation by the exponent 1 / n) of the product of n numbers. A third mean (not a median, or middle value) studied by the Pythagoreans (disciple mathematicians of Pythagoras) is the harmonic mean, which is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the n numbers x. The harmonic mean is used for relations including resistance (or capacitance, or inductance) in electronic circuits where resistors are in parallel (or for capacitors in series, or for inductors in parallel). The arithmetic mean is used for resistors in series (or for capacitors in parallel, or for inductors in series). A weighted arithmetic mean is defined by the division of the finite sum (i from one to n) of the indexed product of the ith weight w and ith number x by the finite sum of the totality of those weights. For the harmonic mean it is analogous for the reciprocals. These means are related to the geometric series, the arithmetic series (the finite sum of the numeric progression or succession of an = am + d(nm) for the final n and general m terms that is equal to n(am + an) / 2 for an initial m = 1), and the harmonic series (the infinite sum from n = 1 to infinity of 1 / n that is divergent, i.e. not convergent, and represents the reciprocal factors of the fundamental frequency of periodic resonance, vibration or oscillation as the positive integer multiples of partial tones in sympathetic music).

Calculated Gini and HDI

Following the above two methods for the WA Census statistics, the HDI and Gini coefficient (as a percentage) for each AU member state can be computed. They are summarised in the table below. An HDI that is in the range of 0.800–1.000 is considered very high, whereas 0.700–0.799 is high, 0.555–0.699 is medium, and 0.350–0.554 is low. A Gini coefficient value (percentage) below 30 is considered low, while a value above 50 is high and a value in between 30 and 50 is medium. It is desirable to have a very high HDI and low Gini. If an HDI is greater than 0.900, it is evaluated as ideal.

Table 2: Summary of HDI and Gini by AU member state.

Statistic

Nova-Lox

Alpenburg

Palma Riviera

San Francesco

Aleixandria

AU Mean

HDI

0.9458

0.9372

0.9167

0.9469

0.9630

0.9451

Gini

5.97

9.22

9.92

7.47

3.57

7.04

Civilisation

In 11664 HE, the astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev proposed system of classification of civilisations in categories (classes) by the power P in Watts (W) or the potent energy in Joules (J) per unit time in seconds (s) produced. Note 1 ergon (from the Greek ἔργον for "work" as a faculty of the nous from νόος or nóos e.g., the demiurge of the monad in cosmic arche, logos and harmonia) equals 1×10−7 J (where × is the multiplication operation or the ⋅ operator for the scalar product, not the vector product), which is acted by 10−5 Newtons (N) or 1 dyne (from dynamis or δύναμις for "force") for 1 centimetre, itself the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 gram at the acceleration of 1 centimetre per second squared. In modern (contemporary) SI, 1 J is equivalent to the energy transferred with the action of work to an object when a force of 1 N acts on it for acts on its and in its direction motion for a distance of 1 metre (m), or equivalently the acceleration of an object with a mass of 1 kg is accelerated 1 m per s2. A calorie of energy is equal to 4.184 J, and is defined as the quantity of thermochemical (i.e., thermal and chemical, as in metabolic and organic or nutritional and nutritive aliment) energy necessary to augment the temperature of 1 gram (g) of water by 1 degree of the centigrade (C) scale (1 Kelvin or K). Thus, 1 kilocalorie (kcal) is that for 1 kg of water (H2O, the aquatic fluid basis of terrestrial organisms that consists of hydrogen and oxygen, chemical elements whose periodic properties are illustrated by a table imagined, envisaged and presented by the chemist Dmitri Mendeleev). Carl Sagan criticised the molecular patriotism and anthropocentrism that presupposes the chemical processes of extraterrestrial (celestial relative to terrestrial Earth that depends upon the solar Sun) are principally constructed and composed of carbon (especially, ligated, enlaced or bonded in covalent combinations as composts with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur) instead of, for example, the atomic element of silicon because of its thermochemical and thermodynamic similarities with carbon.

Sagan proposed a modification to the classification that substituted the Roman numerals for Arabic decimals with the Linkformula:

    NP = 1 + 0.1 (log10P − 6)

The presupposition is that for a natural or Linkphysical system, 106 W is approximately disposable at a biological scale or level. The classification presumes 1016 W is obtainable at the planetary, 1026 W at the stellar (solar), 1036 W at the galactic, and 1046 W at the (observable) universal. The solar luminosity L☉ (the radiant flux or power, as the radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time from photons) is defined by the International Astronomical Union to be 3.828×1026 W. It is related to the astronomical unit and to the solar irradiance I☉. The cyclical fluctuation of the solar cycle causes the variation of the axial inclination and precession and the orbital form and eccentricity of the Earth, which affects the cycles of glacial terrestrial climate.

He proposed the addition of another dimension to the energetic classification that considers information (H in bits). The formula for this dimension is as follows:

    NH = 0.1 (log10H − 6)

These dimensions permit classification of the scientific advancement and technological progress of civilisations (the opposite of primitivity). He references the fictional or hypothetical Encyclopædia Galatica as a collection of the information (cognisance) of a civilisation with the consumption and possession of energy approximately equivalent to that of the Milky Way.

If the capacity of technology to augment resources is linear, then it, exponential consumption, population and degradation impose a limit to the crescent development in economic industry (per capita) and production. The computer simulation of finite Earth as a dynamic system was modelled to demonstrate the consequences of human interactions (productivity, activity and creativity) in the ecosystem. The period T of time t of the remaining (rest and residual) of a resource is defined (derived, not by differentiation) from a static (constant) crescence of annual consumption C of reserves R of a commodity for production (R / C in years). The state of R is equal to the continuous integration ∫ (not a discrete summation Σ) of the integral t = 0 to t = T of the product of Cert and the differential d (not Δ) of t for the logarithmic return of compost interest r (per annum). Thus,

    R = C (erT − 1) / r,

with the inverse as the exponential limitation

    T = ln(1 + rR / C) / r.

Social Progress

The magazine published in New London, The Economist (with topics of economics, which is analogous to politics and The Politicist of mercantile Madrinpoor, which uses the liberal common currency with the valiant Potenzia), releases its annual LinkDemocracy Index that measures civil liberties and democratic pluralism. The Democracy Index is an arithmetic mean of the two measures. It quantifies libertarian political and civil (personal and individual, in contrast to the social and communal that, in a nation, include the familial and tribal) liberty, which is complementary to egalitarian equality and the opposite of authority. An index of a nation-state that is in the range of 8.01–10.00 is considered a "Perfect Democracy", whereas 6.01–8.00 is an "Imperfect Democracy", 4.01–6.00 is a "Hybrid Regime", and 0.00–4.00 is an "Authoritarian Regime". A conservative autocracy is the anathema in progressive republican civilisation. The results for this year are summarised in the following table.

Table 3: Summary of Democracy Index by AU member state.

Statistic

Nova-Lox

Alpenburg

Palma Riviera

San Francesco

Aleixandria

AU Mean

Political Freedoms

97.50

85.43

87.57

91.00

91.29

90.56

Civil Rights

85.46

88.23

83.54

95.00

82.42

86.93

Democracy Index

9.15

8.68

8.56

9.30

8.69

8.87

The eminent The Marsupial Illuminati has partially composed a draught that is similar and based on WA Categories (personal, economic and political dimensions, which Refuge Isle of Refugia compiled and interpreted in a statistic history and which result in a classification on the axial spectrum of the libertarian and authoritarian ideology). It appears that this NS Issues Editor is related to the anti-marsupial penguin of the "wanderer" (LinkThe Acutely Obtuse, TAO the Watcher) who detailed (illuminated) the complot of the marsupial population for terrorist domination (in aboriginal and continental Australia) of viviparous (i.e., placental and mammal), oviparous and ovoviviparous animals in The Beech Beach House (an affiliate or associate region of the once omniscient TAO and delegate, which is the steward of The Cuckoos Egg that is founded by the Linkadministrator SalusaSecondus as a reference to a entry for a planetary penal colony in the universal glossary of "Terminology of the Imperium" of Dune, is dedicated to the LinkArt of Nothingness, and is named in reference of avian parasitism as a metaphor for a "Trojan horse" or espionage). The Economist is notable for the publication of the satirical Linkessay of description and observation (in the civil organisation of public administration of committees, councils, offices, agencies, ministries, cabinets, departments, and governments) by the historian Cyril Northcote Parkinson that "work expands so as to fill [complete] the time available [disponible] for its completion [finalisation, termination, conclusion]". It resembles the economic generalisation that the quantity of demand tends to expand to equal the offers of the good or service. Parkinson formulated (with a mathematical representation) the annual percent augmentation (multiplication) of members of staff in a bureaucracy to be equal to

    100 (2km + p) / yn

where k is the number of members searching for promotion to assigned positions through the nomination of subordinates; p is the difference between the ages of nomination (designation) and jubilation (retreat); m is the number of hours per person devoted to the preparation of documents or minutes within the bureau; n is the number of effective units of administration; and y is the total number of the original members. This was elaborated in Parkinson's The Pursuit of Progress. This, in addition to the General Semantics of Alfred Korzybski (who argued that systems fail because of problematic communication and that a chart is not the territory with human conscience and experience is not a direct access of phenomenal reality but a verbal or lingual formulation as the abstraction of information, or an impression or conception of an expression or perception as a responsive and reflective structure of concepts from precepts as subjects from objects in action, passion, motion and emotion) and the adage of "whatever can happen will happen" (stated by Augustus De Morgan), the influenced the essay Systemantics by John Gall of the administration of bureaucracy (e.g., the systems design, science and engineering of technocracy). Its ideology advocates for the parsimonious simplex, not the artificially energetic and entropic complex, as naturally more cosmic than chaotic. LinkLaurence Johnston Peter with Raymond Hull argue (with their facetious observations of a satiric, dramatic, tragic and comic absurdity) that the employed person tends to be elevated in their career opportunities by selection and promotion to the level—a passage and an umbra—of their incompetence or incapacity in an hierarchic order (i.e., organisation of domination and subordination as the superiority and inferiority of authority). This resembles the arguments by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (a friend of Mendelssohn), Carl Clausewitz (a Prussian general and realist who discussed the operations, tactics and strategies of militant war and violent battle with the dialectic interaction of emotion, reason and probability as forces or factors of politics) and José Ortega y Gasset (a philosopher who presented that radical reality and existential vitality is a dialect of liberty and fatality by stating "I am I and my circumstance"). They provide the example cases of this inversion with a motivational "percussive sublimation", an illusory "lateral arabesque", and an extreme obsession for constant regulations (e.g., consistent limitations and persistent definitions of normal conformity to the detriment of the productivity, activity and creativity in the efficient position, situation, occupation, profession, vocation and institution of commodities and services). In relatively nude and crude Atlantis, this appealed to the anarchic aversion to hierarchy in syncretic anarchism (libertarian socialism).

The Economist, which was influenced by social liberalism (in contrast to social conservatism, political authoritarianism, and economic liberalism), provides commercial, industrial, capital, fiscal and financial intelligence as an advisory consultant. Economic industry of transaction complements the services of assurance, finance and commerce (the retail by vendition and reddition of products in the market). These private enterprises differ in propriety and finality as organisations and institutions (associations and administrations) of function, relation and identification (allocation, assignation and appropriation) in society (with sectors of individuality and community) from public enterprises, social enterprises and social authorities. The political economy includes construction (the material, textual, modal, metal and mineral culture, in addition to the technical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, electronic and informatic manufacture), cultivation (agriculture, aquaculture, arboriculture, and horticulture), transportation, domestication (of animal and vegetal organisation), publication (of actual and virtual information), and operation (of factorial function and transformation). Simon Kuznets, an economist of econometrics and statistics who developed GDP (as gross national product or GNP with its origins in the GNI and the mercantilism of Charles D'Avenant, a progeny of a poet laureate who was saved by John Milton in the English Civil War), stated that "the welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income". As has been noted by popular publications such as The Economist, GDP captures one dimension of human (socio-economic) development and Linksocial progress. It simply ignores other social dimensions that contribute to a quality of living (i.e., physical level of well-being or existence of an individual in a liveable natural and artificial habitat of a communal society or cultural community). Humans are three-dimensional and anthropomorphic creatures, dissimilar to the fatalist and four-dimensional aliens (named Tralfamadorians as created by Vonnegut) of the fictional and hypothetical planet of Tralfamadore in the irregular galaxy of Nubecula Minor (the nebulous result of the disruption of a spiral or elliptical galaxy by intergalactic gravitational interactions as a satellite of the galactic centre in the Milky Way similar to Nubecula Major observed by mariners and astronomers, including Azophi from the Persian ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻓﻲ‎ or al-Sufi) that experience a reality of universal spacetime with "so it goes" as their determinist response to fatal mortality.

Instead, development economics considers the politics and economics of the ethnic liberties of individual persons as indicators of social progress. The HDI only goes so far, too. It is merely an instrument or metric for the comparative evaluation of the parity of nations and their populations. The growth (increase or decrease) of a population (natality, vitality and mortality of reproduction) in dynamic (crescentic, as in crescent and crew) demography is represented as a logistic function (a sigmoid curve that is differentiable, monotonic, with a pair of horizontal asymptotes and with symmetric convexity and concavity at a centre or central point) for an initial biological population, natural (intrinsic) constant rate (ratio), and ambient carrying (charge, carrier, porter or conditional) capacity (maximum or maximal limit, an extremum of a function like the minimum or minimal limit). Natality refers to either fertility (the mean number of the nascent progeny of women in a complete reproductive cycle for a society) or fecundity (the total number of natal births per 1000 females in the general feminine population of a fertile, post-pubescent and sexually mature age, or 15 to 49 years). The HDI negatively correlates to this statistic of anthropology and demography (which is positively correlated to religiosity and piety). The rate of substitution for the population is approximately 2.1 to replace the parents (and to account for the probability of human sex, which is not the same as gender and is approximately 1:1, in addition to account for maternal and infant mortalities). Other measures of social progress, each relative to an arbitrary weight, include:

Another nation of the region of Forest (Ransium, an Linkeditor and a Linkmoderator) conceived and invented a "Greenness Index" that considers ambient quality, life expectancy, and public transport (see the Linkanalysis by Valentine Z of this statistic with a Python Jupyter Linknotebook hosted by a provider of gestion or control of modifications, versions and revisions for informatic computer programmers using Git or "(be)get" functionality common to the Linkprojects, applications and Linkutilities of Imperium Anglorum in Europe, Auralia in Catholic, and Merni in The Labyrinth). Where hedonic pleasure (festivity of indulgence, abundance, opulence and luxury) is favoured, other rites and cults desire ascetic discipline (e.g., the conduct of a monastic anchorite, eremite or hermit). Favouring solely one of these dual values is not universal to humanity and thus evaluating societies of communities and cultures is limited. Instead, a holistic method is more appropriate for these complex systems of popular states. Whilst this is a simulation of nations and nation-states, cities and city-states as "centres" are studied in geography by their urban, civil and global integration (cf. rustic, rural and local differentiation) as multicultural interdependence of economies (i.e., domestic markets in societies and communities with public and private corporate affairs of politics, ethics, aesthetics and technics) by the infrastructure of civilisation (i.e., communication, connection, interaction, transaction and transportation). This cosmopolitan process of syncretic migration of people, persons or ideas (e.g., philosophies, myths, theories, practices, histories, arts, sciences, languages, literatures, sculptures and cultures) is "mondialisation". Atlantean nations and cities value it (in addition to pacifism with pacific aid and diplomatic peace, which is promoted by the coordination of the AU for impact, effect, advantage and interests with the domestic and economic transference of assistance and services for influence, convenience or consequence to favour human development and condition) as a principal indicator of modern (secular) human progress in space and time.

Report